Pregnancy Specific Beta-1 Glycoprotein, Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Cytokines in Eclampsia in Kaduna State, Nigeria

Jim Monday Banda; Geoffrey Chukwubuike Onyemelukwe; Bolanle O. Patricia Musa; Sunday Oladapo Shittu

doi:doi:10.11648/j.iji.20190701.12

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Pregnancy Specific Beta-1 Glycoprotein, Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Cytokines in Eclampsia in Kaduna State, Nigeria

Jim Monday Banda, Geoffrey Chukwubuike Onyemelukwe, Bolanle O. Patricia Musa, Sunday Oladapo Shittu

Published in International Journal of Immunology (Volume 7, Issue 1)

Received: 25 March 2019 Accepted: 5 May 2019 Published: 12 June 2019

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Abstract

Eclampsia (EC), a human pregnancy–specific-syndrome is the life-threatening occurrence of convulsion (s) in association with signs of preeclampsia (hypertension and proteinura). Eclampsia has remained a significant public health threat, contributing to maternal and prerinatal morbidity and mortality in Nigeria. However, the pathogenic mechanism of the disease is not fully understood. Disturbance of the cytokine equilibrium has been accused for many pathological disorders including EC. Thus the aim of this study was to analyze the maternal cytokines and pregnancy specific beta-1 glycoprotein in EC and compared results with those of normal healthy pregnant controls. Enzyme linkedimmunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure levels ofpro-inflammatory cytokines (Tumor necrosis [TNF]-α, and interleukin [IL] -2), anti-inflammatory cytokines [IL-4 and IL-10] and pregnancy specific beta-1 glycoprotein (PSG-1) in the peripheral blood of patients with EC (n=38), normal healthy pregnant women [PC] (n=25) and compared withhealthy non pregnant women controls [NPC] (n=25). Women with malaria and human immunodeficiency virus infections were excluded from the study. The overall results (Mean ±SD) were: TNF-α (2.34 ±0.13 pg/ml) in EC was significantly higher than the mean values (2.25±0.07pg/ml and 2.24±0.10 pg/ml) in PC and NPC respectively. Furthermore, EC had higher TNF-α mean value compared with NPC (P<0.05). There was no statistical difference in mean IL-2 value between EC (1.69±0.17 Pg/ml), PC (1.71±0.0.09Pg/ml) and NPC (1.72±0.13Pg/ml) (P>0.05). The mean value of IL-10 was noted to be lower in EC (1.28±0.54Pg/ml) compared with: PC (1.58±0.61 Pg/ml) and NPC (2.06±0.08Pg/ml). No significant difference in IL-4 mean value exist between EC (2.45±0.10 Pg/ml) and NPC (2.45 Pg/ml) (P>0.05) but significant difference exist between EC and NPC (2.40±0.0 6Pg/ml) (P<0.05). The serum PSG-1 levels in EC (2.5±0.11 Pg/ml) and PC (2.5±0.03 Pg/ml) were similar and significantly higher than in NPC (0.06±0.020 Pg/ml) P<0.05. While a pro-inflammatory cytokine environment was demonstrated in EC, and decreased anti-inflammatory reactivity, EC was not associated with low levels of PSG-1. Further research is advocated to discover how anti-inflammatory cytokines could be exploited as a therapeutic agent for women at high risk of EC.

Published in	International Journal of Immunology (Volume 7, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.iji.20190701.12
Page(s)	5-11
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2019. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Eclampsia, Interleukin, Pregnancy Specific Beta-1 Glycoprotein, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, Pro-inflammatory Cytokines, Anti-inflammatory Cytokines

References

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[2]	Ghulmiyyah, L. and Sibai, B. (2012).’’Maternal mortality from preeclampsia and eclampsia’’, Seminars in perinatology, 36 (1): 56-59.
[3]	Sibai, B. M. (1998). Prevention of eclampsia: A big disappointment. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 179-1275.
[4]	WHO (2011). Recommendations for Prevention and Treatment of Preeclampsia and Eclampsia, WHO Department of Maternal and Child Health, Geneva, Switzerland.
[5]	WHO (2004). Coverage of Maternity Care: A Listing of Available Information, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
[6]	Mosmann, T. R. and Sad, S. (1996). ‘The expanding universe of T-cell subsets: Th1, Th2 and more’ Immunology today, 17 (3): 138-146.
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[10]	Sacks, G. Sargent, I. Redman, C. (1999), An innate view of human pregnancy. Immunology Today, 20: 114-118.
[11]	Blois, S. M. Sulkowski, M, Tirado-Gonzalez, I. Warren, J. Freitag, N. Klabb, B. F. Rifkin, D. Fuss, I. Strober, Wand Dveksler, G. S. (2014). Pregnancy Specific beta-1 activates Transformation Growth Factor beta-1 and prevent dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice. Mucosal Immunology, 7: 348-358.
[12]	Harris, S. J, Anthony, F. W. Jones, D. B. and Masson, G. M. (1984) Pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein: effect on lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 6: 267–270
[13]	Ramsy, J. E. Jamieson, N. Greer, J. A. and Sasar, N. (2003). Paradoxical elevation of adeponectin concentration in women preeclampsia. Hypertension, 42: 891-4.
[14]	Teran, E. Escudero, C. Moya, W. Flores, M. Vallance, P. Lopez-Jaramillo, P. (2001). Elevated C-reactive protein and pro-inflammatory cytokines in Andean women with preeclampsia. International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 75: 243-249.
[15]	Pathare, A, Al Kindi, S, Alnaqdy, A, Daar, S, Knox- Macauly, H. and Dennison, D. (2004) Cytokine profile of sickle cell disease in Oman. American Journal of Hematology, 77: 323-328.
[16]	Musa, B. Onyemelukwe, G. Olatunji, O. Odogwu, K. Hambolu, J. and Kene, T. (2012). Serum cytokine levels and T lymphocytes subsets in pregnant women with eclampsia. Open Journal of Immunology, 2: 116-124.
[17]	Anim-Nyame, N. Gamble, J. Sooranna, S. R. Johnson, M. R. and Steer, P. J. (2003). Microvascular permeability is related to circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor –alpha in preeclampsia. Cardiovascular Research, 58: 162-169.
[18]	Redman, C. W. Sacks, G. P. Sargent I. L. (1999). Preeclampsia: an excessive maternal inflammatory response to pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 180: 499-506.
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[20]	Peracoli, J. C. Rudge, M. V. C. Perac, M. T. S. (2007). Tumor necrosis factor alpha in gestation and puerperiumwomen in gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 57: 177-185.
[21]	Banda, J. M. Onyemelukwe, G. C. Musa, B. O. P. Shittu, S, O. Babadoko, A, A. Bakari A. G. Mammam A. I. Sarkin-Pawa, A. and Junaid, S. A. (016). T lymphocyte subpopulations in normal pregnancies and those complicated by eclampsia in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Open journal of Immunology. http://www.scrip.org/journal/oji http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/orji.2016.63010. 6:93-100.
[22]	Vince, G. S. Starkey, P. M. Austigulen, R. Kwiatkowski, D. and Redman, C. W. G. (1995). IL-6, Tumor necrosis factor alpha and soluble TNF receptor in women with preeclampsia. British Journal of Obstetrics. and Gynecology, 102 (1): 20-25.
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APA Style

Jim Monday Banda, Geoffrey Chukwubuike Onyemelukwe, Bolanle O. Patricia Musa, Sunday Oladapo Shittu. (2019). Pregnancy Specific Beta-1 Glycoprotein, Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Cytokines in Eclampsia in Kaduna State, Nigeria. International Journal of Immunology, 7(1), 5-11. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.iji.20190701.12

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ACS Style

Jim Monday Banda; Geoffrey Chukwubuike Onyemelukwe; Bolanle O. Patricia Musa; Sunday Oladapo Shittu. Pregnancy Specific Beta-1 Glycoprotein, Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Cytokines in Eclampsia in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Int. J. Immunol. 2019, 7(1), 5-11. doi: 10.11648/j.iji.20190701.12

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AMA Style

Jim Monday Banda, Geoffrey Chukwubuike Onyemelukwe, Bolanle O. Patricia Musa, Sunday Oladapo Shittu. Pregnancy Specific Beta-1 Glycoprotein, Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Cytokines in Eclampsia in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Int J Immunol. 2019;7(1):5-11. doi: 10.11648/j.iji.20190701.12

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@article{10.11648/j.iji.20190701.12,
  author = {Jim Monday Banda and Geoffrey Chukwubuike Onyemelukwe and Bolanle O. Patricia Musa and Sunday Oladapo Shittu},
  title = {Pregnancy Specific Beta-1 Glycoprotein, Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Cytokines in Eclampsia in Kaduna State, Nigeria},
  journal = {International Journal of Immunology},
  volume = {7},
  number = {1},
  pages = {5-11},
  doi = {10.11648/j.iji.20190701.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.iji.20190701.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.iji.20190701.12},
  abstract = {Eclampsia (EC), a human pregnancy–specific-syndrome is the life-threatening occurrence of convulsion (s) in association with signs of preeclampsia (hypertension and proteinura). Eclampsia has remained a significant public health threat, contributing to maternal and prerinatal morbidity and mortality in Nigeria. However, the pathogenic mechanism of the disease is not fully understood. Disturbance of the cytokine equilibrium has been accused for many pathological disorders including EC. Thus the aim of this study was to analyze the maternal cytokines and pregnancy specific beta-1 glycoprotein in EC and compared results with those of normal healthy pregnant controls. Enzyme linkedimmunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure levels ofpro-inflammatory cytokines (Tumor necrosis [TNF]-α, and interleukin [IL] -2), anti-inflammatory cytokines [IL-4 and IL-10] and pregnancy specific beta-1 glycoprotein (PSG-1) in the peripheral blood of patients with EC (n=38), normal healthy pregnant women [PC] (n=25) and compared withhealthy non pregnant women controls [NPC] (n=25). Women with malaria and human immunodeficiency virus infections were excluded from the study. The overall results (Mean ±SD) were: TNF-α (2.34 ±0.13 pg/ml) in EC was significantly higher than the mean values (2.25±0.07pg/ml and 2.24±0.10 pg/ml) in PC and NPC respectively. Furthermore, EC had higher TNF-α mean value compared with NPC (P0.05). The mean value of IL-10 was noted to be lower in EC (1.28±0.54Pg/ml) compared with: PC (1.58±0.61 Pg/ml) and NPC (2.06±0.08Pg/ml). No significant difference in IL-4 mean value exist between EC (2.45±0.10 Pg/ml) and NPC (2.45 Pg/ml) (P>0.05) but significant difference exist between EC and NPC (2.40±0.0 6Pg/ml) (P<0.05). The serum PSG-1 levels in EC (2.5±0.11 Pg/ml) and PC (2.5±0.03 Pg/ml) were similar and significantly higher than in NPC (0.06±0.020 Pg/ml) P<0.05. While a pro-inflammatory cytokine environment was demonstrated in EC, and decreased anti-inflammatory reactivity, EC was not associated with low levels of PSG-1. Further research is advocated to discover how anti-inflammatory cytokines could be exploited as a therapeutic agent for women at high risk of EC.},
 year = {2019}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Pregnancy Specific Beta-1 Glycoprotein, Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Cytokines in Eclampsia in Kaduna State, Nigeria
AU  - Jim Monday Banda
AU  - Geoffrey Chukwubuike Onyemelukwe
AU  - Bolanle O. Patricia Musa
AU  - Sunday Oladapo Shittu
Y1  - 2019/06/12
PY  - 2019
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.iji.20190701.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.iji.20190701.12
T2  - International Journal of Immunology
JF  - International Journal of Immunology
JO  - International Journal of Immunology
SP  - 5
EP  - 11
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2329-1753
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.iji.20190701.12
AB  - Eclampsia (EC), a human pregnancy–specific-syndrome is the life-threatening occurrence of convulsion (s) in association with signs of preeclampsia (hypertension and proteinura). Eclampsia has remained a significant public health threat, contributing to maternal and prerinatal morbidity and mortality in Nigeria. However, the pathogenic mechanism of the disease is not fully understood. Disturbance of the cytokine equilibrium has been accused for many pathological disorders including EC. Thus the aim of this study was to analyze the maternal cytokines and pregnancy specific beta-1 glycoprotein in EC and compared results with those of normal healthy pregnant controls. Enzyme linkedimmunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure levels ofpro-inflammatory cytokines (Tumor necrosis [TNF]-α, and interleukin [IL] -2), anti-inflammatory cytokines [IL-4 and IL-10] and pregnancy specific beta-1 glycoprotein (PSG-1) in the peripheral blood of patients with EC (n=38), normal healthy pregnant women [PC] (n=25) and compared withhealthy non pregnant women controls [NPC] (n=25). Women with malaria and human immunodeficiency virus infections were excluded from the study. The overall results (Mean ±SD) were: TNF-α (2.34 ±0.13 pg/ml) in EC was significantly higher than the mean values (2.25±0.07pg/ml and 2.24±0.10 pg/ml) in PC and NPC respectively. Furthermore, EC had higher TNF-α mean value compared with NPC (P0.05). The mean value of IL-10 was noted to be lower in EC (1.28±0.54Pg/ml) compared with: PC (1.58±0.61 Pg/ml) and NPC (2.06±0.08Pg/ml). No significant difference in IL-4 mean value exist between EC (2.45±0.10 Pg/ml) and NPC (2.45 Pg/ml) (P>0.05) but significant difference exist between EC and NPC (2.40±0.0 6Pg/ml) (P<0.05). The serum PSG-1 levels in EC (2.5±0.11 Pg/ml) and PC (2.5±0.03 Pg/ml) were similar and significantly higher than in NPC (0.06±0.020 Pg/ml) P<0.05. While a pro-inflammatory cytokine environment was demonstrated in EC, and decreased anti-inflammatory reactivity, EC was not associated with low levels of PSG-1. Further research is advocated to discover how anti-inflammatory cytokines could be exploited as a therapeutic agent for women at high risk of EC.
VL  - 7
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Jim Monday Banda

Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
Geoffrey Chukwubuike Onyemelukwe

Department of Medicine, Immunology Unit, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria
Bolanle O. Patricia Musa

Department of Medicine, Immunology Unit, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria
Sunday Oladapo Shittu

Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria

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APA Style

Jim Monday Banda, Geoffrey Chukwubuike Onyemelukwe, Bolanle O. Patricia Musa, Sunday Oladapo Shittu. (2019). Pregnancy Specific Beta-1 Glycoprotein, Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Cytokines in Eclampsia in Kaduna State, Nigeria. International Journal of Immunology, 7(1), 5-11. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.iji.20190701.12

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ACS Style

Jim Monday Banda; Geoffrey Chukwubuike Onyemelukwe; Bolanle O. Patricia Musa; Sunday Oladapo Shittu. Pregnancy Specific Beta-1 Glycoprotein, Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Cytokines in Eclampsia in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Int. J. Immunol. 2019, 7(1), 5-11. doi: 10.11648/j.iji.20190701.12

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AMA Style

Jim Monday Banda, Geoffrey Chukwubuike Onyemelukwe, Bolanle O. Patricia Musa, Sunday Oladapo Shittu. Pregnancy Specific Beta-1 Glycoprotein, Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Cytokines in Eclampsia in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Int J Immunol. 2019;7(1):5-11. doi: 10.11648/j.iji.20190701.12

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@article{10.11648/j.iji.20190701.12,
  author = {Jim Monday Banda and Geoffrey Chukwubuike Onyemelukwe and Bolanle O. Patricia Musa and Sunday Oladapo Shittu},
  title = {Pregnancy Specific Beta-1 Glycoprotein, Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Cytokines in Eclampsia in Kaduna State, Nigeria},
  journal = {International Journal of Immunology},
  volume = {7},
  number = {1},
  pages = {5-11},
  doi = {10.11648/j.iji.20190701.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.iji.20190701.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.iji.20190701.12},
  abstract = {Eclampsia (EC), a human pregnancy–specific-syndrome is the life-threatening occurrence of convulsion (s) in association with signs of preeclampsia (hypertension and proteinura). Eclampsia has remained a significant public health threat, contributing to maternal and prerinatal morbidity and mortality in Nigeria. However, the pathogenic mechanism of the disease is not fully understood. Disturbance of the cytokine equilibrium has been accused for many pathological disorders including EC. Thus the aim of this study was to analyze the maternal cytokines and pregnancy specific beta-1 glycoprotein in EC and compared results with those of normal healthy pregnant controls. Enzyme linkedimmunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure levels ofpro-inflammatory cytokines (Tumor necrosis [TNF]-α, and interleukin [IL] -2), anti-inflammatory cytokines [IL-4 and IL-10] and pregnancy specific beta-1 glycoprotein (PSG-1) in the peripheral blood of patients with EC (n=38), normal healthy pregnant women [PC] (n=25) and compared withhealthy non pregnant women controls [NPC] (n=25). Women with malaria and human immunodeficiency virus infections were excluded from the study. The overall results (Mean ±SD) were: TNF-α (2.34 ±0.13 pg/ml) in EC was significantly higher than the mean values (2.25±0.07pg/ml and 2.24±0.10 pg/ml) in PC and NPC respectively. Furthermore, EC had higher TNF-α mean value compared with NPC (P0.05). The mean value of IL-10 was noted to be lower in EC (1.28±0.54Pg/ml) compared with: PC (1.58±0.61 Pg/ml) and NPC (2.06±0.08Pg/ml). No significant difference in IL-4 mean value exist between EC (2.45±0.10 Pg/ml) and NPC (2.45 Pg/ml) (P>0.05) but significant difference exist between EC and NPC (2.40±0.0 6Pg/ml) (P<0.05). The serum PSG-1 levels in EC (2.5±0.11 Pg/ml) and PC (2.5±0.03 Pg/ml) were similar and significantly higher than in NPC (0.06±0.020 Pg/ml) P<0.05. While a pro-inflammatory cytokine environment was demonstrated in EC, and decreased anti-inflammatory reactivity, EC was not associated with low levels of PSG-1. Further research is advocated to discover how anti-inflammatory cytokines could be exploited as a therapeutic agent for women at high risk of EC.},
 year = {2019}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Pregnancy Specific Beta-1 Glycoprotein, Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Cytokines in Eclampsia in Kaduna State, Nigeria
AU  - Jim Monday Banda
AU  - Geoffrey Chukwubuike Onyemelukwe
AU  - Bolanle O. Patricia Musa
AU  - Sunday Oladapo Shittu
Y1  - 2019/06/12
PY  - 2019
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.iji.20190701.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.iji.20190701.12
T2  - International Journal of Immunology
JF  - International Journal of Immunology
JO  - International Journal of Immunology
SP  - 5
EP  - 11
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2329-1753
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.iji.20190701.12
AB  - Eclampsia (EC), a human pregnancy–specific-syndrome is the life-threatening occurrence of convulsion (s) in association with signs of preeclampsia (hypertension and proteinura). Eclampsia has remained a significant public health threat, contributing to maternal and prerinatal morbidity and mortality in Nigeria. However, the pathogenic mechanism of the disease is not fully understood. Disturbance of the cytokine equilibrium has been accused for many pathological disorders including EC. Thus the aim of this study was to analyze the maternal cytokines and pregnancy specific beta-1 glycoprotein in EC and compared results with those of normal healthy pregnant controls. Enzyme linkedimmunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure levels ofpro-inflammatory cytokines (Tumor necrosis [TNF]-α, and interleukin [IL] -2), anti-inflammatory cytokines [IL-4 and IL-10] and pregnancy specific beta-1 glycoprotein (PSG-1) in the peripheral blood of patients with EC (n=38), normal healthy pregnant women [PC] (n=25) and compared withhealthy non pregnant women controls [NPC] (n=25). Women with malaria and human immunodeficiency virus infections were excluded from the study. The overall results (Mean ±SD) were: TNF-α (2.34 ±0.13 pg/ml) in EC was significantly higher than the mean values (2.25±0.07pg/ml and 2.24±0.10 pg/ml) in PC and NPC respectively. Furthermore, EC had higher TNF-α mean value compared with NPC (P0.05). The mean value of IL-10 was noted to be lower in EC (1.28±0.54Pg/ml) compared with: PC (1.58±0.61 Pg/ml) and NPC (2.06±0.08Pg/ml). No significant difference in IL-4 mean value exist between EC (2.45±0.10 Pg/ml) and NPC (2.45 Pg/ml) (P>0.05) but significant difference exist between EC and NPC (2.40±0.0 6Pg/ml) (P<0.05). The serum PSG-1 levels in EC (2.5±0.11 Pg/ml) and PC (2.5±0.03 Pg/ml) were similar and significantly higher than in NPC (0.06±0.020 Pg/ml) P<0.05. While a pro-inflammatory cytokine environment was demonstrated in EC, and decreased anti-inflammatory reactivity, EC was not associated with low levels of PSG-1. Further research is advocated to discover how anti-inflammatory cytokines could be exploited as a therapeutic agent for women at high risk of EC.
VL  - 7
IS  - 1
ER  -

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