Seasonal Variation of Electrical Conductivity of Groundwater and Its Implication on the Residents of Lafia Municipal Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

Samuel Terungwa Temaugee; Alvan Wariebi; Michael Iordye Saakorun

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijepp.20200801.13

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Seasonal Variation of Electrical Conductivity of Groundwater and Its Implication on the Residents of Lafia Municipal Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

Samuel Terungwa Temaugee, Alvan Wariebi, Michael Iordye Saakorun

Published in International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy (Volume 8, Issue 1)

Received: 25 January 2020 Accepted: 17 February 2020 Published: 28 February 2020

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Abstract

This study investigated Seasonal Variation of Electrical Conductivity (EC) of Groundwater (Boreholes and Hand-dug Wells) in Lafia Municipal Area, Nasarawa State. A total of seventy (70) samples, consisting of forty (40) and thirty (30) samples were collected from Boreholes and Hand-dug Wells respectively during wet and dry seasons in some major locations, in Lafia Municipal Area. Samples collected were sealed airtight in plastic bottles. The samples were analyzed using the Jenway DDS-307, a standard digital conductivity meter adaptable to temperature variation using a probe. The result analyzed shows that the mean EC value for Hand-dug well water samples ranged from 256.00µS/cm to 1488.00µS/cm during the wet season and 126.00µS/cm to 1416.00µS/cm during the dry season. Similarly, the mean EC for Borehole water samples ranged from 26.70µS/cm to 551.33µS/cm during the wet season and ranges from 28.70µS/cm to 588.00µS/cm during the dry season respectively. Out of thirty (30) Hand-dug wells sampled during the wet and dry seasons, eight (8) had EC values above and approximately to the benchmark value of 1000µS/cm. The results obtained showed that seasonal variation has much effect on the electrical conductivity of Hand-dug wells than Boreholes. The seasonal variation trend revealed that there was increase in the EC of Hand-dug wells during the wet season. However, there was no significant change in EC values of Boreholes. It was therefore recommended that, Hand-dug wells with elavated levels of EC compared with the benchmark should not be used for drinking and cooking.

Published in	International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy (Volume 8, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijepp.20200801.13
Page(s)	22-30
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Electrical Conductivity, Borehole, Hand-dug Well, Groundwater, Seasonal Variation

References

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APA Style

Samuel Terungwa Temaugee, Alvan Wariebi, Michael Iordye Saakorun. (2020). Seasonal Variation of Electrical Conductivity of Groundwater and Its Implication on the Residents of Lafia Municipal Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy, 8(1), 22-30. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20200801.13

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ACS Style

Samuel Terungwa Temaugee; Alvan Wariebi; Michael Iordye Saakorun. Seasonal Variation of Electrical Conductivity of Groundwater and Its Implication on the Residents of Lafia Municipal Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Int. J. Environ. Prot. Policy 2020, 8(1), 22-30. doi: 10.11648/j.ijepp.20200801.13

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AMA Style

Samuel Terungwa Temaugee, Alvan Wariebi, Michael Iordye Saakorun. Seasonal Variation of Electrical Conductivity of Groundwater and Its Implication on the Residents of Lafia Municipal Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Int J Environ Prot Policy. 2020;8(1):22-30. doi: 10.11648/j.ijepp.20200801.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ijepp.20200801.13,
  author = {Samuel Terungwa Temaugee and Alvan Wariebi and Michael Iordye Saakorun},
  title = {Seasonal Variation of Electrical Conductivity of Groundwater and Its Implication on the Residents of Lafia Municipal Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria},
  journal = {International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy},
  volume = {8},
  number = {1},
  pages = {22-30},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijepp.20200801.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20200801.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijepp.20200801.13},
  abstract = {This study investigated Seasonal Variation of Electrical Conductivity (EC) of Groundwater (Boreholes and Hand-dug Wells) in Lafia Municipal Area, Nasarawa State. A total of seventy (70) samples, consisting of forty (40) and thirty (30) samples were collected from Boreholes and Hand-dug Wells respectively during wet and dry seasons in some major locations, in Lafia Municipal Area. Samples collected were sealed airtight in plastic bottles. The samples were analyzed using the Jenway DDS-307, a standard digital conductivity meter adaptable to temperature variation using a probe. The result analyzed shows that the mean EC value for Hand-dug well water samples ranged from 256.00µS/cm to 1488.00µS/cm during the wet season and 126.00µS/cm to 1416.00µS/cm during the dry season. Similarly, the mean EC for Borehole water samples ranged from 26.70µS/cm to 551.33µS/cm during the wet season and ranges from 28.70µS/cm to 588.00µS/cm during the dry season respectively. Out of thirty (30) Hand-dug wells sampled during the wet and dry seasons, eight (8) had EC values above and approximately to the benchmark value of 1000µS/cm. The results obtained showed that seasonal variation has much effect on the electrical conductivity of Hand-dug wells than Boreholes. The seasonal variation trend revealed that there was increase in the EC of Hand-dug wells during the wet season. However, there was no significant change in EC values of Boreholes. It was therefore recommended that, Hand-dug wells with elavated levels of EC compared with the benchmark should not be used for drinking and cooking.},
 year = {2020}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Seasonal Variation of Electrical Conductivity of Groundwater and Its Implication on the Residents of Lafia Municipal Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
AU  - Samuel Terungwa Temaugee
AU  - Alvan Wariebi
AU  - Michael Iordye Saakorun
Y1  - 2020/02/28
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20200801.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijepp.20200801.13
T2  - International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy
JF  - International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy
JO  - International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy
SP  - 22
EP  - 30
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-7536
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20200801.13
AB  - This study investigated Seasonal Variation of Electrical Conductivity (EC) of Groundwater (Boreholes and Hand-dug Wells) in Lafia Municipal Area, Nasarawa State. A total of seventy (70) samples, consisting of forty (40) and thirty (30) samples were collected from Boreholes and Hand-dug Wells respectively during wet and dry seasons in some major locations, in Lafia Municipal Area. Samples collected were sealed airtight in plastic bottles. The samples were analyzed using the Jenway DDS-307, a standard digital conductivity meter adaptable to temperature variation using a probe. The result analyzed shows that the mean EC value for Hand-dug well water samples ranged from 256.00µS/cm to 1488.00µS/cm during the wet season and 126.00µS/cm to 1416.00µS/cm during the dry season. Similarly, the mean EC for Borehole water samples ranged from 26.70µS/cm to 551.33µS/cm during the wet season and ranges from 28.70µS/cm to 588.00µS/cm during the dry season respectively. Out of thirty (30) Hand-dug wells sampled during the wet and dry seasons, eight (8) had EC values above and approximately to the benchmark value of 1000µS/cm. The results obtained showed that seasonal variation has much effect on the electrical conductivity of Hand-dug wells than Boreholes. The seasonal variation trend revealed that there was increase in the EC of Hand-dug wells during the wet season. However, there was no significant change in EC values of Boreholes. It was therefore recommended that, Hand-dug wells with elavated levels of EC compared with the benchmark should not be used for drinking and cooking.
VL  - 8
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Samuel Terungwa Temaugee

Department of Physics, School of Sciences, Federal College of Education, Kontagora, Nigeria
Alvan Wariebi

Department of Physics, Federal Polytechnic, Ekowe, Nigeria
Michael Iordye Saakorun

Department of Physics, School of Sciences, Federal College of Education, Kontagora, Nigeria

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Samuel Terungwa Temaugee, Alvan Wariebi, Michael Iordye Saakorun. (2020). Seasonal Variation of Electrical Conductivity of Groundwater and Its Implication on the Residents of Lafia Municipal Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy, 8(1), 22-30. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20200801.13

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ACS Style

Samuel Terungwa Temaugee; Alvan Wariebi; Michael Iordye Saakorun. Seasonal Variation of Electrical Conductivity of Groundwater and Its Implication on the Residents of Lafia Municipal Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Int. J. Environ. Prot. Policy 2020, 8(1), 22-30. doi: 10.11648/j.ijepp.20200801.13

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AMA Style

Samuel Terungwa Temaugee, Alvan Wariebi, Michael Iordye Saakorun. Seasonal Variation of Electrical Conductivity of Groundwater and Its Implication on the Residents of Lafia Municipal Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Int J Environ Prot Policy. 2020;8(1):22-30. doi: 10.11648/j.ijepp.20200801.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ijepp.20200801.13,
  author = {Samuel Terungwa Temaugee and Alvan Wariebi and Michael Iordye Saakorun},
  title = {Seasonal Variation of Electrical Conductivity of Groundwater and Its Implication on the Residents of Lafia Municipal Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria},
  journal = {International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy},
  volume = {8},
  number = {1},
  pages = {22-30},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijepp.20200801.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20200801.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijepp.20200801.13},
  abstract = {This study investigated Seasonal Variation of Electrical Conductivity (EC) of Groundwater (Boreholes and Hand-dug Wells) in Lafia Municipal Area, Nasarawa State. A total of seventy (70) samples, consisting of forty (40) and thirty (30) samples were collected from Boreholes and Hand-dug Wells respectively during wet and dry seasons in some major locations, in Lafia Municipal Area. Samples collected were sealed airtight in plastic bottles. The samples were analyzed using the Jenway DDS-307, a standard digital conductivity meter adaptable to temperature variation using a probe. The result analyzed shows that the mean EC value for Hand-dug well water samples ranged from 256.00µS/cm to 1488.00µS/cm during the wet season and 126.00µS/cm to 1416.00µS/cm during the dry season. Similarly, the mean EC for Borehole water samples ranged from 26.70µS/cm to 551.33µS/cm during the wet season and ranges from 28.70µS/cm to 588.00µS/cm during the dry season respectively. Out of thirty (30) Hand-dug wells sampled during the wet and dry seasons, eight (8) had EC values above and approximately to the benchmark value of 1000µS/cm. The results obtained showed that seasonal variation has much effect on the electrical conductivity of Hand-dug wells than Boreholes. The seasonal variation trend revealed that there was increase in the EC of Hand-dug wells during the wet season. However, there was no significant change in EC values of Boreholes. It was therefore recommended that, Hand-dug wells with elavated levels of EC compared with the benchmark should not be used for drinking and cooking.},
 year = {2020}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Seasonal Variation of Electrical Conductivity of Groundwater and Its Implication on the Residents of Lafia Municipal Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria
AU  - Samuel Terungwa Temaugee
AU  - Alvan Wariebi
AU  - Michael Iordye Saakorun
Y1  - 2020/02/28
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20200801.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijepp.20200801.13
T2  - International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy
JF  - International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy
JO  - International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy
SP  - 22
EP  - 30
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-7536
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20200801.13
AB  - This study investigated Seasonal Variation of Electrical Conductivity (EC) of Groundwater (Boreholes and Hand-dug Wells) in Lafia Municipal Area, Nasarawa State. A total of seventy (70) samples, consisting of forty (40) and thirty (30) samples were collected from Boreholes and Hand-dug Wells respectively during wet and dry seasons in some major locations, in Lafia Municipal Area. Samples collected were sealed airtight in plastic bottles. The samples were analyzed using the Jenway DDS-307, a standard digital conductivity meter adaptable to temperature variation using a probe. The result analyzed shows that the mean EC value for Hand-dug well water samples ranged from 256.00µS/cm to 1488.00µS/cm during the wet season and 126.00µS/cm to 1416.00µS/cm during the dry season. Similarly, the mean EC for Borehole water samples ranged from 26.70µS/cm to 551.33µS/cm during the wet season and ranges from 28.70µS/cm to 588.00µS/cm during the dry season respectively. Out of thirty (30) Hand-dug wells sampled during the wet and dry seasons, eight (8) had EC values above and approximately to the benchmark value of 1000µS/cm. The results obtained showed that seasonal variation has much effect on the electrical conductivity of Hand-dug wells than Boreholes. The seasonal variation trend revealed that there was increase in the EC of Hand-dug wells during the wet season. However, there was no significant change in EC values of Boreholes. It was therefore recommended that, Hand-dug wells with elavated levels of EC compared with the benchmark should not be used for drinking and cooking.
VL  - 8
IS  - 1
ER  -

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