Application of Multivariate Methods for Assessment of Variations in Rivers/Streams Water Quality in Niger State, Nigeria

Audu Isah; Usman Abdullahi; Muhammed Muhammed Ndamitso

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajtas.20130206.14

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Application of Multivariate Methods for Assessment of Variations in Rivers/Streams Water Quality in Niger State, Nigeria

Audu Isah, Usman Abdullahi, Muhammed Muhammed Ndamitso

Published in American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics (Volume 2, Issue 6)

Received: 25 September 2013 Published: 10 November 2013

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Abstract

Multivariate statistical methods, Cluster Analysis (CA) and Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CDA) were applied to assess the temporal and spatial variations, and identify pollution sources in some rivers/streams of Niger State in Nigeria. Sixteen towns were sampled as medium-sized towns in which data were gathered on four physical, eleven chemical and two microbial parameters of water. Hierarchical CA grouped the sixteen sampled sites into four main seasonal clusters and three main groups of similar water quality. Stepwise selection for the temporal Discriminant Analysis (DA) identified the most significant parameters for discriminating between the four seasons as magnesium, Escherichia coli, total coliform, total dissolved solid (TDS) and total hardness with 83.3% apparent correct classification. The stepwise selection for the spatial Discriminant Analysis (DA) show that, Escherichia coli and magnesium is more prevalent in winter; while Escherichia coli and total dissolved solid (TDS) is higher in spring; and Escherichia coli and total coliform were more in summer and autumn with 94% total success rate of classification. The outcome of this study also show that the sources of water in groups one and two were more polluted than group three during summer and autumn than in the winter and spring. Based on these findings, it is recommended that the frequency of monitoring sites could be reduced to only sites in groups one and two while the seasons could be based on summer and autumn.

Published in	American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics (Volume 2, Issue 6)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajtas.20130206.14
Page(s)	176-183
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2013. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Canonical Discriminant Analysis, Parameter, Classification, Monitoring Sites

References

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APA Style

Audu Isah, Usman Abdullahi, Muhammed Muhammed Ndamitso. (2013). Application of Multivariate Methods for Assessment of Variations in Rivers/Streams Water Quality in Niger State, Nigeria. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 2(6), 176-183. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20130206.14

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ACS Style

Audu Isah; Usman Abdullahi; Muhammed Muhammed Ndamitso. Application of Multivariate Methods for Assessment of Variations in Rivers/Streams Water Quality in Niger State, Nigeria. Am. J. Theor. Appl. Stat. 2013, 2(6), 176-183. doi: 10.11648/j.ajtas.20130206.14

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AMA Style

Audu Isah, Usman Abdullahi, Muhammed Muhammed Ndamitso. Application of Multivariate Methods for Assessment of Variations in Rivers/Streams Water Quality in Niger State, Nigeria. Am J Theor Appl Stat. 2013;2(6):176-183. doi: 10.11648/j.ajtas.20130206.14

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@article{10.11648/j.ajtas.20130206.14,
  author = {Audu Isah and Usman Abdullahi and Muhammed Muhammed Ndamitso},
  title = {Application of Multivariate Methods for Assessment of Variations in Rivers/Streams Water Quality in Niger State, Nigeria},
  journal = {American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics},
  volume = {2},
  number = {6},
  pages = {176-183},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajtas.20130206.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20130206.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajtas.20130206.14},
  abstract = {Multivariate statistical methods, Cluster Analysis (CA) and Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CDA) were applied to assess the temporal and spatial variations, and identify pollution sources in some rivers/streams of Niger State in Nigeria. Sixteen towns were sampled as medium-sized towns in which data were gathered on four physical, eleven chemical and two microbial parameters of water. Hierarchical CA grouped the sixteen sampled sites into four main seasonal clusters and three main groups of similar water quality. Stepwise selection for the temporal Discriminant Analysis (DA) identified the most significant parameters for discriminating between the four seasons as magnesium, Escherichia coli, total coliform, total dissolved solid (TDS) and total hardness with 83.3% apparent correct classification. The stepwise selection for the spatial Discriminant Analysis (DA) show that, Escherichia coli and magnesium is more prevalent in winter; while Escherichia coli and total dissolved solid (TDS) is higher in spring; and Escherichia coli and total coliform were more in summer and autumn with 94% total success rate of classification. The outcome of this study also show that the sources of water in groups one and two were more polluted than group three during summer and autumn than in the winter and spring. Based on these findings, it is recommended that the frequency of monitoring sites could be reduced to only sites in groups one and two while the seasons could be based on summer and autumn.},
 year = {2013}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Application of Multivariate Methods for Assessment of Variations in Rivers/Streams Water Quality in Niger State, Nigeria
AU  - Audu Isah
AU  - Usman Abdullahi
AU  - Muhammed Muhammed Ndamitso
Y1  - 2013/11/10
PY  - 2013
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20130206.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajtas.20130206.14
T2  - American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics
JF  - American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics
JO  - American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics
SP  - 176
EP  - 183
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2326-9006
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20130206.14
AB  - Multivariate statistical methods, Cluster Analysis (CA) and Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CDA) were applied to assess the temporal and spatial variations, and identify pollution sources in some rivers/streams of Niger State in Nigeria. Sixteen towns were sampled as medium-sized towns in which data were gathered on four physical, eleven chemical and two microbial parameters of water. Hierarchical CA grouped the sixteen sampled sites into four main seasonal clusters and three main groups of similar water quality. Stepwise selection for the temporal Discriminant Analysis (DA) identified the most significant parameters for discriminating between the four seasons as magnesium, Escherichia coli, total coliform, total dissolved solid (TDS) and total hardness with 83.3% apparent correct classification. The stepwise selection for the spatial Discriminant Analysis (DA) show that, Escherichia coli and magnesium is more prevalent in winter; while Escherichia coli and total dissolved solid (TDS) is higher in spring; and Escherichia coli and total coliform were more in summer and autumn with 94% total success rate of classification. The outcome of this study also show that the sources of water in groups one and two were more polluted than group three during summer and autumn than in the winter and spring. Based on these findings, it is recommended that the frequency of monitoring sites could be reduced to only sites in groups one and two while the seasons could be based on summer and autumn.
VL  - 2
IS  - 6
ER  -

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Author Information

Audu Isah

Department of Mathematics/Statistics
Usman Abdullahi

Academic Planning Unit
Muhammed Muhammed Ndamitso

Department of Chemistry

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APA Style

Audu Isah, Usman Abdullahi, Muhammed Muhammed Ndamitso. (2013). Application of Multivariate Methods for Assessment of Variations in Rivers/Streams Water Quality in Niger State, Nigeria. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 2(6), 176-183. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20130206.14

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ACS Style

Audu Isah; Usman Abdullahi; Muhammed Muhammed Ndamitso. Application of Multivariate Methods for Assessment of Variations in Rivers/Streams Water Quality in Niger State, Nigeria. Am. J. Theor. Appl. Stat. 2013, 2(6), 176-183. doi: 10.11648/j.ajtas.20130206.14

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AMA Style

Audu Isah, Usman Abdullahi, Muhammed Muhammed Ndamitso. Application of Multivariate Methods for Assessment of Variations in Rivers/Streams Water Quality in Niger State, Nigeria. Am J Theor Appl Stat. 2013;2(6):176-183. doi: 10.11648/j.ajtas.20130206.14

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajtas.20130206.14,
  author = {Audu Isah and Usman Abdullahi and Muhammed Muhammed Ndamitso},
  title = {Application of Multivariate Methods for Assessment of Variations in Rivers/Streams Water Quality in Niger State, Nigeria},
  journal = {American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics},
  volume = {2},
  number = {6},
  pages = {176-183},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajtas.20130206.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20130206.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajtas.20130206.14},
  abstract = {Multivariate statistical methods, Cluster Analysis (CA) and Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CDA) were applied to assess the temporal and spatial variations, and identify pollution sources in some rivers/streams of Niger State in Nigeria. Sixteen towns were sampled as medium-sized towns in which data were gathered on four physical, eleven chemical and two microbial parameters of water. Hierarchical CA grouped the sixteen sampled sites into four main seasonal clusters and three main groups of similar water quality. Stepwise selection for the temporal Discriminant Analysis (DA) identified the most significant parameters for discriminating between the four seasons as magnesium, Escherichia coli, total coliform, total dissolved solid (TDS) and total hardness with 83.3% apparent correct classification. The stepwise selection for the spatial Discriminant Analysis (DA) show that, Escherichia coli and magnesium is more prevalent in winter; while Escherichia coli and total dissolved solid (TDS) is higher in spring; and Escherichia coli and total coliform were more in summer and autumn with 94% total success rate of classification. The outcome of this study also show that the sources of water in groups one and two were more polluted than group three during summer and autumn than in the winter and spring. Based on these findings, it is recommended that the frequency of monitoring sites could be reduced to only sites in groups one and two while the seasons could be based on summer and autumn.},
 year = {2013}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Application of Multivariate Methods for Assessment of Variations in Rivers/Streams Water Quality in Niger State, Nigeria
AU  - Audu Isah
AU  - Usman Abdullahi
AU  - Muhammed Muhammed Ndamitso
Y1  - 2013/11/10
PY  - 2013
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20130206.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajtas.20130206.14
T2  - American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics
JF  - American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics
JO  - American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics
SP  - 176
EP  - 183
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2326-9006
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20130206.14
AB  - Multivariate statistical methods, Cluster Analysis (CA) and Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CDA) were applied to assess the temporal and spatial variations, and identify pollution sources in some rivers/streams of Niger State in Nigeria. Sixteen towns were sampled as medium-sized towns in which data were gathered on four physical, eleven chemical and two microbial parameters of water. Hierarchical CA grouped the sixteen sampled sites into four main seasonal clusters and three main groups of similar water quality. Stepwise selection for the temporal Discriminant Analysis (DA) identified the most significant parameters for discriminating between the four seasons as magnesium, Escherichia coli, total coliform, total dissolved solid (TDS) and total hardness with 83.3% apparent correct classification. The stepwise selection for the spatial Discriminant Analysis (DA) show that, Escherichia coli and magnesium is more prevalent in winter; while Escherichia coli and total dissolved solid (TDS) is higher in spring; and Escherichia coli and total coliform were more in summer and autumn with 94% total success rate of classification. The outcome of this study also show that the sources of water in groups one and two were more polluted than group three during summer and autumn than in the winter and spring. Based on these findings, it is recommended that the frequency of monitoring sites could be reduced to only sites in groups one and two while the seasons could be based on summer and autumn.
VL  - 2
IS  - 6
ER  -

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