Secure Routing Protocol Based on Junction Selection in VANETs (SERPROV)

Hamza Abassi; Yenke Blaise Omer

doi:doi:10.11648/j.wcmc.20241101.12

Research Article |

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Secure Routing Protocol Based on Junction Selection in VANETs (SERPROV)

Hamza Abassi^*

, Yenke Blaise Omer

Published in International Journal of Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (Volume 11, Issue 1)

Received: 11 June 2024 Accepted: 28 June 2024 Published: 15 July 2024

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Abstract

Road safety has become a major issue over the last twenty years. The existing transportation system has become inefficient as the number of vehicles has increased remarkably, causing more accidents and other problems. To meet these challenges, the field of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) has been proposed. ITS, also known as intelligent transport, is based on vehicle ad hoc networks (VANETs), a subset of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) that use moving cars as nodes to create mobile networks. ITS includes various applications such as cooperative traffic monitoring, blind crossings, collision avoidance and traffic flow control. However, dynamic topology and secure communication remain major challenges due to the high mobility of nodes and the random speed of vehicles. This paper proposes a secure protocol called SERPROV (Secure Routing Protocol based on Junction Selection in VANETs) that combines routing and security using a junction selection mechanism and applies an asymmetric cryptography protocol. Simulation results show that SERPROV improves response time and packet delivery ratio compared to existing protocols for a number of vehicles less than or equal to 300. We plan to implement blockchain technology in the future to replace the public key register, thus making the protocol fully decentralized and further exploring the confidentiality of messages exchanged in the VANET environment.

Published in	International Journal of Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (Volume 11, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.wcmc.20241101.12
Page(s)	11-18
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

ITS, VANET, Routing, Secure Communication, IoT, Adhoc Network

1. Introduction

The total number of vehicles in the world has experienced a remarkable growth, in India for example traffic is growing four times faster than the population

[1]

. More than 60% of accidents are due to the human errors and half of these accidents can be avoided if the drivers have been notified 0.5 second before

[2, 3]

. This makes the existing transportation system inefficient. To direct these challenges, a new research field called Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) has been proposed

[5]

, ITS also called Smart Transportation is the new field which based on the vehicular network called Vehicular Ad-hoc network VANET is a subset of Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) that uses moving cars as nodes in a network to create mobile networks

[4]

. VANET provides communication among nearby vehicles and between vehicles and nearby fixed equipment i.e., roadside equipment

[6]

. ITS includes a variety of applications such as co-operative traffic monitoring, blind crossing, prevention of collisions, control of traffic flows nearby information services, advertising

[4]

. One of the mains problems in VANETs are dynamic topology and secure communication, Due to high node mobility and random speed of vehicles

[7]

. As a result of this, network topology in VANETs tends to change frequently, many communication protocols have been proposed in the literature. In VANET, the routing protocols are classified into five categories: Topology based, Position based, Cluster based, Geocast and Broadcast

[6, 11, 12]

. Position based routing is a suitable candidate for vehicular ad-hoc

[8]

. There are many position-based protocols, and those are based on "selection of junction", are the best in term of ratio and reliability of communication

[9, 10]

. According to the literature the Reliable Path Selection and Packet Forwarding Routing Protocol (RPSPF) and the Intelligent Junction Selection Based Routing Protocol (IJS)

[35]

are the only reliables protocols and no one is secured in "selection of junction" domain

[9]

. In this paper, we propose a secure protocol called SERPROV (Secure Routing Protocol based on Junction Selection in VANETs) that combine routing and security we are using junction selection mechanism and apply asymmetric cryptography protocol to it, that makes new secured protocol for junction selection-based protocol. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the related works of selection junction-based routing in VANETs, section 3 presents the methodology approach and the protocol algorithm, section 4 presents the simulation environment and le result, then we end with conclusion in section 5.

2. Related Works

In this section, we begin by giving related works in the junction selection-based routing protocol field and end by the security in VANETs.

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Figure 1. Comparison of significant position-based routing protocols.

2.1. Position Based Protocol and Junction Selection Protocol

Karp, B. et al. proposed Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) which finds source vehicle locations with the help of GPS

[14]

. We have also Geographic Source Routing (GSR) developed for the urban scenarios to conquer the limitations of GPSR

[9, 13, 16]

. This chooses intersections statically without the consideration of traffic density

[9]

. Then we have also Greedy Perimeter Coordinator Routing (GPCR), it is developed for urban scenarios. The main idea of GPCR is to take advantage of the fact that streets and junctions

[17]

. Seet, B. C. et al. proposed Anchor-based Street and Traffic-Aware Routing (A-STAR)

[18]

the particular of A-STAR is the usage of information on city bus routes to identify an anchor path

[9, 18]

. Jerbi, M. et al. presented their protocol Greedy Traffic-Aware Routing (GyTAR) in

[19]

. Bhoi et al. proposed the IJS for Intelligent Junction Selection Based Routing Protocol which uses the concept of HV (helping vehicle) for better routing and junction selecting. It is geographical routing protocol for vehicular networks in urban environment. It is Based on a localization system like the GPS to relay data in the network considering the real time road traffic variation and urban environment characteristics. It considers vehicles speeds, directions and double direction roads. After that, Bilal, S. M. et al. proposed the Enhanced Greedy Traffic-Aware Routing Protocol (E-GyTAR)

[20]

. This protocol is an enhancement of GyTAR. Enhanced GyTAR (E-GyTAR) is an intersection-based geographic routing protocol which uses GPS to find its own position

[20]

. Abbasi, I. A. et al. proposed an improves version of E-GyTAR in

[21]

, the Traffic Flow Oriented Routing Protocol (TFOR)

[21]

, this protocol improves the E-GyTAR protocol by taking into account the non-directional traffic density, but suffers from sudden link rupture problem

[9]

. We have also Directional Geographic Source Routing (DGSR)

[10]

this, use Geographic Source Routing (GSR) with directional forwarding strategy in city environment. It computes the shortest path to the destination using the Dijkstra algorithm, and uses carry and forward strategy in situation of local maximum problem

[10]

. We can mention Enhanced Greedy Traffic-Aware Routing Protocol Directional (EGyTAR-D) The extended protocol (E-GyTAR-D) uses directional greedy forwarding to relay packets between the junctions

[10]

. Abbasi, I. A. et al. developed a new protocol in

[23]

. Dynamic Multiple Junction Selection based Routing Protocol (DMJSR)

[23]

, The difference between DMJSR and existing approaches is its new dynamic multiple intersection selection method. After Abbasi, I. A. et al. proposed the improves version of the last protocol called Reliable Path Selection and Packet Forwarding Routing Protocol (RPSPF)

[22]

, it accomplishes route by considering multiple junctions and thereby route the packet towards destination

[9, 22]

. It based on link life-time and link stability to avoid packet-drops because of rapid link ruptures

[22]

. The weakness of this routing protocol is that it cannot exchange message securely

[9]

2.2. VANETs Security

Many security models and security protocol have been proposed to solve the availability, authenticity, confidentiality, integrity and non-repudiation problems in VANETs. Xuejing Yue et al, proposed a blockchain-based decentralized conditional privacy-preserving authentication, which eliminate the risk of single point of failure

[15]

. Lin, X et al in

[29]

propose a Timed Efficient and Secure Vehicular Communication which aims at minimizing the packet overhead in terms of signature overhead and signature verification latency without compromising the security and privacy requirements. In Mejri et al.

[31]

presented the model of communication in VANETs proposed by De Fuentes in

[32]

. The model shown all component and how they interacting in the VANETs environment. The limit of this model is non-decentralization. Dorri, A et al, proposed a blockchain-based architecture to protect the privacy of users and to increase the security of the vehicular ecosystem

[33]

. In

[28]

Manish proposed a centralized model for VANETs security, with trusted authority, it uses traditional system which is not decentralized, they implemented hybrid encryption techniques by combining AES and RSA algorithm. Zhang et al.

[24]

proposed a data security sharing and storage system based on the consortium blockchain (DSSCB), the advantage this architecture is decentralization so it maintains the concept of self-organizing. Other advantages of DSSCB are: privacy protection, anonymity, and high efficiency

[24]

. Xiaodong Lin et al.

[30]

proposed a Timed Efficient and Secure Vehicular Communication (TSVC) scheme with privacy preserving, TSVC minimize the packet overhead by using short message authentication code tag attached in each packet for the packet authentication during the communication. Firdaus, M. et al.

[27]

proposed an architecture of blockchainbased, it is secure and decentralized. It is composed by three layers: the blockchain network layer, the blockchain edge layer and physical/user network layer. This architecture proposed in

[27]

, user decentralized approach without an intermediary compared to the traditional VANETs framework that employs the centralized approach like

[25]

. Singh, M. et al.

[26]

proposed a cryptography based on blockchain technology, it used a concept of vehicular cloud and ensure a secure communication between vehicles. It is also decentralized, every message is considered as transaction, and after mining the block is added to the blockchain. Zhaojun et al.

[30]

proposed a Blockchain-based Anonymous Reputation System (BARS) to establish a privacy-preserving trust model for VANETs. Centralized schemes cannot handle the increasing complexity of intelligent transportation system structures. Most high privacy and high security are blockchain based solutions. Also, the blockchain gives superior adaptability in getting to the information and it gives better security and privacy in communication between nodes

[32]

. Singla, A et al

[34]

proposed three blockchain-based alternatives to the Central Authority-based Public Key Infrastructure for supporting IoT devices. In this approach, each node has a copy of the blockchain database in addition to the blockchain network. This key-sharing technique makes the ecosystem completely decentralized.

3. Methodology Approach

this section, we will discover the proposed protocol, the mechanisms.

3.1. The Junction Selection Algorithm

Download: Download full-size image

Figure 2. Weight calculation formula.

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Figure 3. junction selection algorithm.

3.2. The Message Encryption and Forward Algorithm

The algorithm below shows the packet transmission mechanism. Each node generates a public/private key pair when it is initialized. Subsequently, each node’s public key is stored in a global register indexed by unique vehicle identifiers. Before sending a message, each node encrypts it using the nexthop’s public key. Figure 4 for the packet forward algorithm.

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Figure 4. packet forward algorithm.

4. Simulation and Results

Through meticulous experimentation, this study reveals a set of compelling results that shed new light on junction selection routing. In this section, we present the results of our simulation, starting with a description of the simulation environment used. Our simulation environment is as follows (Table 1):

Table 1. Simulation parameters.

Simulation/Scenario
Simulation time	100s
Map size	2000 X 2000 m2
Number of intersections	64
Weighting factors	α = β = γ = λ =0.25
Band Name	5.9 GHz
Band With	10 MHz
Radio Medium	IEEE80211
Number of vehicles	100-500
Cryptography algorithms	RSA

Our secure VANET routing protocol called SERPROV has been implemented in the above environment and has been compared in the same environment with one of the GyTar trunk selection routing protocols. The results are conclusive in terms of average reaction time, but also for the ratio, which is superior to the GyTar protocol for a number of vehicles less than or equal to 300. The following figures (Figure 5 and Figure 6) show the two graphs of the results obtained after simulation.

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Figure 5. Average time to react by number of vehicles.

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Figure 6. Packets delivery ratio by number of vehicles.

5. Conclusions

SERPROV is a secured routing protocol for VANET, in which the global registry is used for public-key exchanging. The protocol selects the better junction before sending package by considering the density inside two junctions. For every next junction, a score is calculated and the junction with the best score is selected. Then before sending the message. For the security the sender uses the receiver public-key which is accessible in the global registry and encrypts message before sending. The simulation results show that SERPROV performs well. We plan to implement the blockchain technology in near future for replacing the public-key registry for making the protocol completely decentralized and evaluate others criterias. We will also investigate more on privacy for other kind of messages which can be shared in VANET environment.

Abbreviations

ITS	Intelligent Transportation Systems
VANET	Vehicular Adhoc Network
SERPROV	Secure and Reliable Routing Protocol Based on Junction Selection in VANETs
IoT	Internet of Things
MANETs	Mobile Ad-hoc Networks
RPSPF	Reliable Path Selection and Packet Forwarding Routing Protocol
IJS	Intelligent Junction Selection Based Routing Protocol
GPSR	Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing
GSR	Geographic Source Routing
GPCR	Greedy Perimeter Coordinator Routing
A-STAR	Traffic-Aware Routing
GyTAR	Greedy Traffic-Aware Routing
HV	Helping Vehicle
GPS	Global Positioning System
E-GyTAR	Enhanced Greedy Traffic-Aware Routing Protocol
TFOR	Traffic Flow Oriented Routing Protocol
DGSR	Directional Geographic Source Routing
GSR	Geographic Source Routing
EGyTAR-D	Enhanced Greedy Traffic-Aware Routing Protocol Directional
DMJSR	Dynamic Multiple Junction Selection based Routing Protocol
DSSCB	Data Security Sharing and Storage System based on the Consortium Blockchain
TSVC	Timed Efficient and Secure Vehicular Communication
BARS	Blockchain-Based Anonymous Reputation System
NVs	Number of Vehicles
SR	Speed of Current Road
DP	Distance from Current forwarder to Destination and Distance from Neighbor to Destination
NRSUs	Number of Roadside Units
RSA	Rivest-Shamir-Adleman

Author Contributions

Hamza Abassi: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal Analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

Yenke Blaise Omer: Supervision

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Abassi, H., Omer, Y. B. (2024). Secure Routing Protocol Based on Junction Selection in VANETs (SERPROV). International Journal of Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 11(1), 11-18. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wcmc.20241101.12

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Abassi, H.; Omer, Y. B. Secure Routing Protocol Based on Junction Selection in VANETs (SERPROV). Int. J. Wirel. Commun. Mobile Comput. 2024, 11(1), 11-18. doi: 10.11648/j.wcmc.20241101.12

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Abassi H, Omer YB. Secure Routing Protocol Based on Junction Selection in VANETs (SERPROV). Int J Wirel Commun Mobile Comput. 2024;11(1):11-18. doi: 10.11648/j.wcmc.20241101.12

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@article{10.11648/j.wcmc.20241101.12,
  author = {Hamza Abassi and Yenke Blaise Omer},
  title = {Secure Routing Protocol Based on Junction Selection in VANETs (SERPROV)
},
  journal = {International Journal of Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {11-18},
  doi = {10.11648/j.wcmc.20241101.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wcmc.20241101.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wcmc.20241101.12},
  abstract = {Road safety has become a major issue over the last twenty years. The existing transportation system has become inefficient as the number of vehicles has increased remarkably, causing more accidents and other problems. To meet these challenges, the field of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) has been proposed. ITS, also known as intelligent transport, is based on vehicle ad hoc networks (VANETs), a subset of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) that use moving cars as nodes to create mobile networks. ITS includes various applications such as cooperative traffic monitoring, blind crossings, collision avoidance and traffic flow control. However, dynamic topology and secure communication remain major challenges due to the high mobility of nodes and the random speed of vehicles. This paper proposes a secure protocol called SERPROV (Secure Routing Protocol based on Junction Selection in VANETs) that combines routing and security using a junction selection mechanism and applies an asymmetric cryptography protocol. Simulation results show that SERPROV improves response time and packet delivery ratio compared to existing protocols for a number of vehicles less than or equal to 300. We plan to implement blockchain technology in the future to replace the public key register, thus making the protocol fully decentralized and further exploring the confidentiality of messages exchanged in the VANET environment.
},
 year = {2024}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Secure Routing Protocol Based on Junction Selection in VANETs (SERPROV)

AU  - Hamza Abassi
AU  - Yenke Blaise Omer
Y1  - 2024/07/15
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wcmc.20241101.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.wcmc.20241101.12
T2  - International Journal of Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
JF  - International Journal of Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
JO  - International Journal of Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
SP  - 11
EP  - 18
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-1015
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wcmc.20241101.12
AB  - Road safety has become a major issue over the last twenty years. The existing transportation system has become inefficient as the number of vehicles has increased remarkably, causing more accidents and other problems. To meet these challenges, the field of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) has been proposed. ITS, also known as intelligent transport, is based on vehicle ad hoc networks (VANETs), a subset of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) that use moving cars as nodes to create mobile networks. ITS includes various applications such as cooperative traffic monitoring, blind crossings, collision avoidance and traffic flow control. However, dynamic topology and secure communication remain major challenges due to the high mobility of nodes and the random speed of vehicles. This paper proposes a secure protocol called SERPROV (Secure Routing Protocol based on Junction Selection in VANETs) that combines routing and security using a junction selection mechanism and applies an asymmetric cryptography protocol. Simulation results show that SERPROV improves response time and packet delivery ratio compared to existing protocols for a number of vehicles less than or equal to 300. We plan to implement blockchain technology in the future to replace the public key register, thus making the protocol fully decentralized and further exploring the confidentiality of messages exchanged in the VANET environment.

VL  - 11
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Hamza Abassi

Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroun

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0000-2099-731X
Yenke Blaise Omer

Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroun

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0009-9333-6198

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Table 1

Table 1. Simulation parameters.

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Abassi, H., Omer, Y. B. (2024). Secure Routing Protocol Based on Junction Selection in VANETs (SERPROV). International Journal of Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 11(1), 11-18. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wcmc.20241101.12

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Abassi, H.; Omer, Y. B. Secure Routing Protocol Based on Junction Selection in VANETs (SERPROV). Int. J. Wirel. Commun. Mobile Comput. 2024, 11(1), 11-18. doi: 10.11648/j.wcmc.20241101.12

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Abassi H, Omer YB. Secure Routing Protocol Based on Junction Selection in VANETs (SERPROV). Int J Wirel Commun Mobile Comput. 2024;11(1):11-18. doi: 10.11648/j.wcmc.20241101.12

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@article{10.11648/j.wcmc.20241101.12,
  author = {Hamza Abassi and Yenke Blaise Omer},
  title = {Secure Routing Protocol Based on Junction Selection in VANETs (SERPROV)
},
  journal = {International Journal of Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {11-18},
  doi = {10.11648/j.wcmc.20241101.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wcmc.20241101.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wcmc.20241101.12},
  abstract = {Road safety has become a major issue over the last twenty years. The existing transportation system has become inefficient as the number of vehicles has increased remarkably, causing more accidents and other problems. To meet these challenges, the field of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) has been proposed. ITS, also known as intelligent transport, is based on vehicle ad hoc networks (VANETs), a subset of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) that use moving cars as nodes to create mobile networks. ITS includes various applications such as cooperative traffic monitoring, blind crossings, collision avoidance and traffic flow control. However, dynamic topology and secure communication remain major challenges due to the high mobility of nodes and the random speed of vehicles. This paper proposes a secure protocol called SERPROV (Secure Routing Protocol based on Junction Selection in VANETs) that combines routing and security using a junction selection mechanism and applies an asymmetric cryptography protocol. Simulation results show that SERPROV improves response time and packet delivery ratio compared to existing protocols for a number of vehicles less than or equal to 300. We plan to implement blockchain technology in the future to replace the public key register, thus making the protocol fully decentralized and further exploring the confidentiality of messages exchanged in the VANET environment.
},
 year = {2024}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Secure Routing Protocol Based on Junction Selection in VANETs (SERPROV)

AU  - Hamza Abassi
AU  - Yenke Blaise Omer
Y1  - 2024/07/15
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wcmc.20241101.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.wcmc.20241101.12
T2  - International Journal of Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
JF  - International Journal of Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
JO  - International Journal of Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
SP  - 11
EP  - 18
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-1015
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wcmc.20241101.12
AB  - Road safety has become a major issue over the last twenty years. The existing transportation system has become inefficient as the number of vehicles has increased remarkably, causing more accidents and other problems. To meet these challenges, the field of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) has been proposed. ITS, also known as intelligent transport, is based on vehicle ad hoc networks (VANETs), a subset of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) that use moving cars as nodes to create mobile networks. ITS includes various applications such as cooperative traffic monitoring, blind crossings, collision avoidance and traffic flow control. However, dynamic topology and secure communication remain major challenges due to the high mobility of nodes and the random speed of vehicles. This paper proposes a secure protocol called SERPROV (Secure Routing Protocol based on Junction Selection in VANETs) that combines routing and security using a junction selection mechanism and applies an asymmetric cryptography protocol. Simulation results show that SERPROV improves response time and packet delivery ratio compared to existing protocols for a number of vehicles less than or equal to 300. We plan to implement blockchain technology in the future to replace the public key register, thus making the protocol fully decentralized and further exploring the confidentiality of messages exchanged in the VANET environment.

VL  - 11
IS  - 1
ER  -

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