Background: The leaves of G. latifolia have long been employed in ethnomedical practices, and as food additive among the local populations in Nigeria. This study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value of G. latifolia through the proximate, mineral and phytochemical analysis of G. latifolia leaf meal (GLLM), as well as analysis of amino acid profile of GLLM protein. Methods: Standard analytical procedures were employed for proximate, mineral and phytochemical analysis of GLLM, and amino acid analysis of GLLM protein. Results: Values obtained for proximate fractions on dry matter basis were: crude protein, 14.25%; Ether extract, 2.84%; and Ash, 6.26%. Others included Crude Fiber, 2.84%; Nitrogen free extractive, 60.39%, and Metabolizable energy, 2903.41Kcal/kg. The concentrations (mg/100g) of the five minerals investigated were Calcium, 10.80; Magnesium, 45.0; Potassium, 486.0; Sodium, 3.86, and Phosphorus, 395.0. Amino acid analysis of the leaf meal protein of the plant revealed that it contains nutritionally important essential and non-essential amino acids in concentrations that compare favorably with standard provisional requirement pattern: The total amino acids (TAA) content was 66.38g/100g protein; Total Essential amino acid (TEAA) with histidine was 32.53g/100g protein; Total Non-essential Amino acid (TNEAA) was 33.85g/100g protein; Percentage Total Essential Amino acid with Histidine was 49.01 protein; Percentage Essential Amino acid without Histidine recorded 45.71g/100g protein; Percentage Total Non-essential Amino acid was 50.99g/100g protein. The amino acid scores, vis-avis standard provisional scoring pattern were: Leucine, 95.7%; Isoleucine, 85.0%; Lysine, 72.7%; Methionine + cysteine, 48.6%; Phenylalanine + Tyrosine, 115.0%; Threonine, 75.0%; Valine, 80.0% The amino acids which were in abundance relative to others were: Glutamic acid, Aspartic acid, Leucine, Arginine, Valine, Phenylalanine, Lysine, Glycine and Isoleucine with the values of 9.27, 7.75, 6.70, 4.42, 4.09, 4.01, 3.97, 3.60 and 3.39 (g/100g protein), respectively. However, the first limiting amino acid(s) recorded in its amino acid profile were the two Sulphur-containing amino acids, methionine + cystein, the sum of which scored 48.60% in the amino acid scoring system. The phytochemical factors studied and their percentage compositions wer: alkaloids, 1.03%; flavonoids, 0.37%; saponins, 0.47% and tannins 0.55%. Other phytochemicals measured (mg/100g) included Phenols, 0.17; Phytates, 0.12, and Cyanogenic glycosides, 7.07. Conclusion: The result of this study suggests that Gongronema latifolia could contribute significant nutritional benefits to human and livestock nutritional needs. However, further research is needed to ascertain specific administration regimen of GLLM or the phyto-nutrients of G. latifolia leaf extracts.
| Published in | Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences (Volume 9, Issue 5) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.jfns.20210905.13 |
| Page(s) | 124-130 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Nutritional Evaluation, Leaf Meal, Gongronema latifolia, Utasi, Phytochemicals
| [1] | Ukorebi, B. A., Udedibie, A. B. I., Esonu, B. O., Okoli, I. C., Akpet, S. O. and Orok, E. E. (2012) Performance, Carcass and Internal organs characteristics of grower Rabbits fed diets containing graded levels of Gongronema latifolium leaf meal. J. Agric., Forestry and the Social Sciences (JOAFSS), Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 274 – 281. |
| [2] | Balogun M. E., Bessong, E. E., Obimma, J. N., Mbamalu, O. S. and Djobie, S. F. A. (2016) Gongronema latifolium: A phytochemical and pharmacological review. J Physiol Pharmacol Adv., Vol. 6, pp, 811 – 824. |
| [3] | Morebise, O., Fafunso, M. A., Makinde, J. M. and Olajide, O. A. (2006) Evaluation of the bioactivity of G. latifolium leaf extract in rodents. Science Focus, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 27 – 30. |
| [4] | Mosango, D, M, (2015) Gongronema latifolium Benth. Record from PROA4U. Schmelzer, G. H., Gurib-Fakim, A. (eds.). Plant Resources of Tropical Africa (PROTA); Available: http://www.prota4u.org/search.asp. |
| [5] | Iweala, E. E. J., Liu, F. Cheng, R. and Li, Y. (2015) Anti- cancer and free radical scavenging activity of some Nigerian Food plants in vitro. Int. J cancer Res., Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 41 – 51. |
| [6] | Atangwho, I. J., Ebong, P. E., Eyong, E. U., Williams, I. O., Eteng, M. U. and Egbung, G. E. (2009) Comparative chemical composition of leaves of some antidiabetic medicinal plants. Afr. J. Biotechnol., Vol. 8, pp. 4685 – 4689. |
| [7] | Sun, J., Chu, Y. F., Wu, X. and Liu, R. H. (2002) Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common fruits. J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 50, pp. 7449 – 7454. |
| [8] | Liu, R. H. (2003) Health benefits of fruits and vegetables are from additive and synergistic combinations of phytochemicals. Am J Clin. Nutr., Vol. 78, pp. 517S – 520S. |
| [9] | Liu, R. H. (2004) Potential synergy of phytochemicals in cancer prevention: Mechanism of action. J Nutr., pp. 3479S – 3485S. |
| [10] | Eze, S. O. and Nwanguma, B. C. (2013) Effects of tannin extract from Gongronema latifolium leaves on lipoxygenase from Cucumeropsis manii seeds. Journal of chemistry, Vol. 20, pp. 1 – 7. |
| [11] | Adenuga, W., Olaleye, O. N. and Adepoju, P. A. (2010) Utilization of bitter vegetables (Gongronema latifolium, Vernonia amygdalina), and Garcinia kola extracts as substitutes for hops in Sorghum beer production. African Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 9, No. 51, pp. 59 – 73. |
| [12] | Morebise, O. (2015) A Review on Gongronema latifolium, an extremely useful plant with great prospects. European Journal of Medicinal Plants, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 1 – 9. |
| [13] | A. O. A. C. Association of Official Analytical Chemists (1990) Official Methods of Analysis, 15th Edition, Washington, D. C., pp. 223 – 225, 992 – 995. |
| [14] | PAuzenga, U. (1985) Feeding Parent Stock. Zootech. International. Vol. 1, pp. 22 – 25. |
| [15] | Harbone, J. B. (1973) Phytochemical Methods. A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis. Chapman and Hall, London, U.K. pp. 49 – 188. |
| [16] | Boham, B. A. and A R Kocipai, A. R. (1994) Flavonoids and condensed tannins from leaves of Hawaiian Vaccinium vaticulatum, and V. calycinium. Pacific Science, Vol. 48, pp 454 – 463. |
| [17] | Ojha, S., Raj, A., Roy, A. and Roy, S. (2018) Extraction of Total Phenolics, Flavonoids and Tannins from Paederia foetida L. Leaves and their relation with Antioxidant activity. Pharmacognosy J., Vol. 10, No. 3, pp, 541 – 547. |
| [18] | Ayuk, A., Iyayi, E. and Okon, B. I. (2002) Proximate composition and tannin content of some multipurpose tree leaves. Global journal of Agricultural Sciences, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 77 – 82. |
| [19] | Esonu, B. O. (2006) Animal Nutrition and Feeding, A Functional Approach. Memory Press, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria, Vol. 1 pp. 202. |
| [20] | Aremu, M. O., Olanisakin, A., Bako, D. A. and Madu, P. C. (2006) Compositional Studies and phytochemical characteristics of cashew nut (Anarcardium occidentale) flour. Pak. J. Nutr., Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 328 – 333. |
| [21] | Perez, V. and Chang, E. T. (2014) Sodium-to-potassium ratio and blood pressure, hypertension, and related factors. Adv Nutr., Vol. 5, pp. 712 – 741. |
| [22] | Anandagoda, N. and Lord, G. M. (2015) Preventing aristolochic and nephropathy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol., Vol. 10, pp. 167 – 168. |
| [23] | Field, R. A., Stegelmeier, B. L, Colegate, S. M., Brown, A. W. and Green, B. T. (2015) An in-vitro comparison of the cytotoxic potential of selected dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids and some N- oxides. Toxicon., Vol. 97, pp. 36 – 45. |
| [24] | Adebayo, J. O., Yakubu, M. T., Egwin, E. C., Oyewole, V. B. and Enaibe, B. U. (2003) Effect of ethanolic extract of Khaya senegalensis on some biochemical paramers of rat kidney. J. Ethnopharmacol., Vol. 88, No. 1, pp. 69 –72. |
| [25] | Yff, B. T. S., Kerry, L., Lindsey, M. B., Taylor, D. G. E. and Jayer, A. K. (2002) The pharmacological screening of Pentanisia. J. Ethnopharmacol., Vol. 79, pp. 101 – 107. |
| [26] | Prince, K. R., Johnson. I. T., and G R Fenwick, G. R. (1987) The chemical and biological significance of saponins in foods and feeding stuffs. CRC Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, Vol. 26, pp. 27 – 135. |
| [27] | Oakenful, D. and Sidhu, G. S. (1989) Saponins. In: Toxicants of Plant Origin. Vol. II Cheeke, P. R. (ed)). Acad. Press, New York, pp. 78 – 113. |
| [28] | Liener, I. E. (1977) Removal of naturally occurring toxicants through enzyamatic processing. In: Feeney, R. E. and Whiter, J. R. (ed)., Food proteins: Improvement through chemical and enzymatic modification. American Chem. Society, Washington D. C., pp. 72 - 78. |
| [29] | Bolarinwa, I. F., Oke, M. O., Olaniyan, S. A. and A S Ajala, A. S. (2016) https://www.intechopen.com/books/toxicology-new-aspects-to-this-scientific-conudrum/a-review-ofc glycosides-in-edible- plants, pp. 179 – 191. |
| [30] | Ukorebi, B. A. (2018) Hematological and Serum Biochemical characteristics of Rabbits fed varying Dietary levels of Gongronema latifolia (utasi). J Sci., Engineering and Tech., Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 75 – 81. |
| [31] | Olomu, J. M. (2011) Monogastric Animal Nutrition, Principles and Practice. St. Jackson Publishing, Benin City, Nigeria, pp. 29 – 143. |
| [32] | F. A. O. (1977) Amino acid contents of food and biological data on protein. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper. Food and Agricultural Organization, Rome, pp. 19 – 21. |
| [33] | Olaofe, O., Adeyemi, F. O. and Adediran, G. O. (1994) Amino acid and mineral composition and functional properties of some of some oil seeds. J. of Agric. Food and Chemistry, Vol. 42, pp. 878 – 884. |
| [34] | Ekeanyanwu, R. C. and Ononogbu, I. C. (2009) Nutritive value of Nigerian Tigernut (Cyperus esculentus L.). Int. J. of Tropical Agric. And Food System, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 286 – 292. |
| [35] | Kuri, Y, E., Sundar, I., Rao, K., Kuhuwu, P. L., Jones, G. P. and Rivelt, D. E. (1991) Chemical composition of Momordica balsamina fruits. J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 39, pp. 1702 – 1703. |
| [36] | Nwokolo, E. (1987) Nutritional evaluation of pigeon pea. Plant Food and Human Nutr., Vol. 37, pp. 283 – 290. |
| [37] | D’Mello, J. P. F. and K W Fraser, K. W. (1981) The composition of leaf meal from Leucaena leucocephala. Trop. Sci., Vol. 23, pp. 75 – 78. |
| [38] | Chadhokar, P. A. (1982) Gliricidia maculate, a promising legume fodder plant. World. Rev. Anim. Prod., Vol. 44 pp. 36 – 43. |
| [39] | Brown, G. L., Barnes, D. A., Rezende, S. A. and Klassing, K. C. (1987) Yield, Composition and feeding value of irrigated Sesbania sesban. Anim. Fd. Sci. Tech., Vol. 18, pp. 247 - 255. |
| [40] | Lyon, C. K., Gumbmann, M. R. and Becker, R. (1988) Value of mesquite leaves as forage. J. Sci. Fd. Agric., Vol. 44, pp. 111 - 117. |
| [41] | Ash, A. J., Petaia, L. and H Ako, H. (1992) Nutritional values of Sesbania grandiflora leaves for monogastrics and ruminants. Trop. Agric., Vol. 69, pp. 22 – 228. |
| [42] | Ravindran, V. (1993) Cassava leaves as animal feed. Potentials and limitations. J. Sci. Fd. Agric., Vol. 61, pp. 141 – 150. |
| [43] | F. A. O./W. H. O. (1991) Protein quality evaluation. A Report of joint FAO/WHO expert consultants, FAO Food and Nutrition Paper. Food and Agricultural Organization, Rome. Pp, 51. |
APA Style
Bassey Ukorebi. (2021). Nutritional Evaluation of the Leaf Meal of Gongronema latifolia. Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences, 9(5), 124-130. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfns.20210905.13
ACS Style
Bassey Ukorebi. Nutritional Evaluation of the Leaf Meal of Gongronema latifolia. J. Food Nutr. Sci. 2021, 9(5), 124-130. doi: 10.11648/j.jfns.20210905.13
AMA Style
Bassey Ukorebi. Nutritional Evaluation of the Leaf Meal of Gongronema latifolia. J Food Nutr Sci. 2021;9(5):124-130. doi: 10.11648/j.jfns.20210905.13
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.jfns.20210905.13,
author = {Bassey Ukorebi},
title = {Nutritional Evaluation of the Leaf Meal of Gongronema latifolia},
journal = {Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences},
volume = {9},
number = {5},
pages = {124-130},
doi = {10.11648/j.jfns.20210905.13},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfns.20210905.13},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jfns.20210905.13},
abstract = {Background: The leaves of G. latifolia have long been employed in ethnomedical practices, and as food additive among the local populations in Nigeria. This study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value of G. latifolia through the proximate, mineral and phytochemical analysis of G. latifolia leaf meal (GLLM), as well as analysis of amino acid profile of GLLM protein. Methods: Standard analytical procedures were employed for proximate, mineral and phytochemical analysis of GLLM, and amino acid analysis of GLLM protein. Results: Values obtained for proximate fractions on dry matter basis were: crude protein, 14.25%; Ether extract, 2.84%; and Ash, 6.26%. Others included Crude Fiber, 2.84%; Nitrogen free extractive, 60.39%, and Metabolizable energy, 2903.41Kcal/kg. The concentrations (mg/100g) of the five minerals investigated were Calcium, 10.80; Magnesium, 45.0; Potassium, 486.0; Sodium, 3.86, and Phosphorus, 395.0. Amino acid analysis of the leaf meal protein of the plant revealed that it contains nutritionally important essential and non-essential amino acids in concentrations that compare favorably with standard provisional requirement pattern: The total amino acids (TAA) content was 66.38g/100g protein; Total Essential amino acid (TEAA) with histidine was 32.53g/100g protein; Total Non-essential Amino acid (TNEAA) was 33.85g/100g protein; Percentage Total Essential Amino acid with Histidine was 49.01 protein; Percentage Essential Amino acid without Histidine recorded 45.71g/100g protein; Percentage Total Non-essential Amino acid was 50.99g/100g protein. The amino acid scores, vis-avis standard provisional scoring pattern were: Leucine, 95.7%; Isoleucine, 85.0%; Lysine, 72.7%; Methionine + cysteine, 48.6%; Phenylalanine + Tyrosine, 115.0%; Threonine, 75.0%; Valine, 80.0% The amino acids which were in abundance relative to others were: Glutamic acid, Aspartic acid, Leucine, Arginine, Valine, Phenylalanine, Lysine, Glycine and Isoleucine with the values of 9.27, 7.75, 6.70, 4.42, 4.09, 4.01, 3.97, 3.60 and 3.39 (g/100g protein), respectively. However, the first limiting amino acid(s) recorded in its amino acid profile were the two Sulphur-containing amino acids, methionine + cystein, the sum of which scored 48.60% in the amino acid scoring system. The phytochemical factors studied and their percentage compositions wer: alkaloids, 1.03%; flavonoids, 0.37%; saponins, 0.47% and tannins 0.55%. Other phytochemicals measured (mg/100g) included Phenols, 0.17; Phytates, 0.12, and Cyanogenic glycosides, 7.07. Conclusion: The result of this study suggests that Gongronema latifolia could contribute significant nutritional benefits to human and livestock nutritional needs. However, further research is needed to ascertain specific administration regimen of GLLM or the phyto-nutrients of G. latifolia leaf extracts.},
year = {2021}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Nutritional Evaluation of the Leaf Meal of Gongronema latifolia AU - Bassey Ukorebi Y1 - 2021/10/12 PY - 2021 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfns.20210905.13 DO - 10.11648/j.jfns.20210905.13 T2 - Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences JF - Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences JO - Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences SP - 124 EP - 130 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2330-7293 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfns.20210905.13 AB - Background: The leaves of G. latifolia have long been employed in ethnomedical practices, and as food additive among the local populations in Nigeria. This study was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value of G. latifolia through the proximate, mineral and phytochemical analysis of G. latifolia leaf meal (GLLM), as well as analysis of amino acid profile of GLLM protein. Methods: Standard analytical procedures were employed for proximate, mineral and phytochemical analysis of GLLM, and amino acid analysis of GLLM protein. Results: Values obtained for proximate fractions on dry matter basis were: crude protein, 14.25%; Ether extract, 2.84%; and Ash, 6.26%. Others included Crude Fiber, 2.84%; Nitrogen free extractive, 60.39%, and Metabolizable energy, 2903.41Kcal/kg. The concentrations (mg/100g) of the five minerals investigated were Calcium, 10.80; Magnesium, 45.0; Potassium, 486.0; Sodium, 3.86, and Phosphorus, 395.0. Amino acid analysis of the leaf meal protein of the plant revealed that it contains nutritionally important essential and non-essential amino acids in concentrations that compare favorably with standard provisional requirement pattern: The total amino acids (TAA) content was 66.38g/100g protein; Total Essential amino acid (TEAA) with histidine was 32.53g/100g protein; Total Non-essential Amino acid (TNEAA) was 33.85g/100g protein; Percentage Total Essential Amino acid with Histidine was 49.01 protein; Percentage Essential Amino acid without Histidine recorded 45.71g/100g protein; Percentage Total Non-essential Amino acid was 50.99g/100g protein. The amino acid scores, vis-avis standard provisional scoring pattern were: Leucine, 95.7%; Isoleucine, 85.0%; Lysine, 72.7%; Methionine + cysteine, 48.6%; Phenylalanine + Tyrosine, 115.0%; Threonine, 75.0%; Valine, 80.0% The amino acids which were in abundance relative to others were: Glutamic acid, Aspartic acid, Leucine, Arginine, Valine, Phenylalanine, Lysine, Glycine and Isoleucine with the values of 9.27, 7.75, 6.70, 4.42, 4.09, 4.01, 3.97, 3.60 and 3.39 (g/100g protein), respectively. However, the first limiting amino acid(s) recorded in its amino acid profile were the two Sulphur-containing amino acids, methionine + cystein, the sum of which scored 48.60% in the amino acid scoring system. The phytochemical factors studied and their percentage compositions wer: alkaloids, 1.03%; flavonoids, 0.37%; saponins, 0.47% and tannins 0.55%. Other phytochemicals measured (mg/100g) included Phenols, 0.17; Phytates, 0.12, and Cyanogenic glycosides, 7.07. Conclusion: The result of this study suggests that Gongronema latifolia could contribute significant nutritional benefits to human and livestock nutritional needs. However, further research is needed to ascertain specific administration regimen of GLLM or the phyto-nutrients of G. latifolia leaf extracts. VL - 9 IS - 5 ER -
Email: