The Cold Fusion Phenomenon – Nuclear Reactions in the CF Materials at Around Room Temperature

Hideo Kozima

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijhep.20210801.11

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The Cold Fusion Phenomenon – Nuclear Reactions in the CF Materials at Around Room Temperature

Hideo Kozima

Published in International Journal of High Energy Physics (Volume 8, Issue 1)

Received: 12 May 2021 Accepted: 31 May 2021 Published: 7 June 2021

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Abstract

Since the discovery of nuclear reactions in PdD_x alloys at around room temperature in 1989, there have been accumulated very many experimental data sets showing existence of nuclear reactions in solid materials composed of transition metals and occluded hydrogen isotopes (let us call them the CF materials, for short) resulting in various nuclear products such as neutrons, tritium, transmuted nuclei, and others accompanied with large excess energies at relatively low temperatures up to 1000°C (let us call these whole events the cold fusion phenomenon (CFP), for short). As the cause of these nuclear reactions in the CFP, we have to accept the existence of the interactions between nuclei in the CF material through the nuclear force (let us call this interaction the nuclear-force interaction, for short) recognized its existence in the nucleus in the nuclear physics. We can classify the CF materials, i.e. materials where CFP occurs, into three groups: (1) metallic material including transition-metal hydrides (e.g. NiH_x, AuH_x) and deuterides (e.g. PdD_x, TiD_x), (2) carbonic material including hydrogen graphite (HC_x) and XLPE (cross-linked polyethylene) and (3) biological material including microorganisms, microbial cultures and biological tissues or organs. We will explain the characteristics of the CFP observed in each group in this paper. The nuclear reactions in the CF material gives rise to production of new particles from neutron, triton, and new nuclei with proton numbers Z up to 83 accompanying enormous excess energy. In addition to these events, there occurs the stabilization of unstable nuclei, including the decay-time shortening of radioactive nuclei, which is especially interesting to apply it to treat hazardous nuclear waste produced by the nuclear power plant. Finally, we give an overview of the CFP in relation to the solid state-nuclear physics and the solid state-nuclear chemistry where the nuclear-force interaction may play important roles to explain the riddles found but not given appropriate explanations in these old sciences hitherto.

Published in	International Journal of High Energy Physics (Volume 8, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijhep.20210801.11
Page(s)	1-12
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Biotransmutation, Cold Fusion Phenomenon, Nuclear Reaction, Nuclear Transmutation, Solid State-Nuclear Science, Transition Metal Hydrides

References

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Hideo Kozima. (2021). The Cold Fusion Phenomenon – Nuclear Reactions in the CF Materials at Around Room Temperature. International Journal of High Energy Physics, 8(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhep.20210801.11

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Hideo Kozima. The Cold Fusion Phenomenon – Nuclear Reactions in the CF Materials at Around Room Temperature. Int. J. High Energy Phys. 2021, 8(1), 1-12. doi: 10.11648/j.ijhep.20210801.11

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Hideo Kozima. The Cold Fusion Phenomenon – Nuclear Reactions in the CF Materials at Around Room Temperature. Int J High Energy Phys. 2021;8(1):1-12. doi: 10.11648/j.ijhep.20210801.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ijhep.20210801.11,
  author = {Hideo Kozima},
  title = {The Cold Fusion Phenomenon – Nuclear Reactions in the CF Materials at Around Room Temperature},
  journal = {International Journal of High Energy Physics},
  volume = {8},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-12},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijhep.20210801.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhep.20210801.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijhep.20210801.11},
  abstract = {Since the discovery of nuclear reactions in PdDx alloys at around room temperature in 1989, there have been accumulated very many experimental data sets showing existence of nuclear reactions in solid materials composed of transition metals and occluded hydrogen isotopes (let us call them the CF materials, for short) resulting in various nuclear products such as neutrons, tritium, transmuted nuclei, and others accompanied with large excess energies at relatively low temperatures up to 1000°C (let us call these whole events the cold fusion phenomenon (CFP), for short). As the cause of these nuclear reactions in the CFP, we have to accept the existence of the interactions between nuclei in the CF material through the nuclear force (let us call this interaction the nuclear-force interaction, for short) recognized its existence in the nucleus in the nuclear physics. We can classify the CF materials, i.e. materials where CFP occurs, into three groups: (1) metallic material including transition-metal hydrides (e.g. NiHx, AuHx) and deuterides (e.g. PdDx, TiDx), (2) carbonic material including hydrogen graphite (HCx) and XLPE (cross-linked polyethylene) and (3) biological material including microorganisms, microbial cultures and biological tissues or organs. We will explain the characteristics of the CFP observed in each group in this paper. The nuclear reactions in the CF material gives rise to production of new particles from neutron, triton, and new nuclei with proton numbers Z up to 83 accompanying enormous excess energy. In addition to these events, there occurs the stabilization of unstable nuclei, including the decay-time shortening of radioactive nuclei, which is especially interesting to apply it to treat hazardous nuclear waste produced by the nuclear power plant. Finally, we give an overview of the CFP in relation to the solid state-nuclear physics and the solid state-nuclear chemistry where the nuclear-force interaction may play important roles to explain the riddles found but not given appropriate explanations in these old sciences hitherto.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - The Cold Fusion Phenomenon – Nuclear Reactions in the CF Materials at Around Room Temperature
AU  - Hideo Kozima
Y1  - 2021/06/07
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhep.20210801.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijhep.20210801.11
T2  - International Journal of High Energy Physics
JF  - International Journal of High Energy Physics
JO  - International Journal of High Energy Physics
SP  - 1
EP  - 12
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2376-7448
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhep.20210801.11
AB  - Since the discovery of nuclear reactions in PdDx alloys at around room temperature in 1989, there have been accumulated very many experimental data sets showing existence of nuclear reactions in solid materials composed of transition metals and occluded hydrogen isotopes (let us call them the CF materials, for short) resulting in various nuclear products such as neutrons, tritium, transmuted nuclei, and others accompanied with large excess energies at relatively low temperatures up to 1000°C (let us call these whole events the cold fusion phenomenon (CFP), for short). As the cause of these nuclear reactions in the CFP, we have to accept the existence of the interactions between nuclei in the CF material through the nuclear force (let us call this interaction the nuclear-force interaction, for short) recognized its existence in the nucleus in the nuclear physics. We can classify the CF materials, i.e. materials where CFP occurs, into three groups: (1) metallic material including transition-metal hydrides (e.g. NiHx, AuHx) and deuterides (e.g. PdDx, TiDx), (2) carbonic material including hydrogen graphite (HCx) and XLPE (cross-linked polyethylene) and (3) biological material including microorganisms, microbial cultures and biological tissues or organs. We will explain the characteristics of the CFP observed in each group in this paper. The nuclear reactions in the CF material gives rise to production of new particles from neutron, triton, and new nuclei with proton numbers Z up to 83 accompanying enormous excess energy. In addition to these events, there occurs the stabilization of unstable nuclei, including the decay-time shortening of radioactive nuclei, which is especially interesting to apply it to treat hazardous nuclear waste produced by the nuclear power plant. Finally, we give an overview of the CFP in relation to the solid state-nuclear physics and the solid state-nuclear chemistry where the nuclear-force interaction may play important roles to explain the riddles found but not given appropriate explanations in these old sciences hitherto.
VL  - 8
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Hideo Kozima

Cold Fusion Research Laboratory, Research Division, Cold Fusion Research Laboratory, Shizuoka, Japan

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Hideo Kozima. (2021). The Cold Fusion Phenomenon – Nuclear Reactions in the CF Materials at Around Room Temperature. International Journal of High Energy Physics, 8(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhep.20210801.11

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Hideo Kozima. The Cold Fusion Phenomenon – Nuclear Reactions in the CF Materials at Around Room Temperature. Int. J. High Energy Phys. 2021, 8(1), 1-12. doi: 10.11648/j.ijhep.20210801.11

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Hideo Kozima. The Cold Fusion Phenomenon – Nuclear Reactions in the CF Materials at Around Room Temperature. Int J High Energy Phys. 2021;8(1):1-12. doi: 10.11648/j.ijhep.20210801.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ijhep.20210801.11,
  author = {Hideo Kozima},
  title = {The Cold Fusion Phenomenon – Nuclear Reactions in the CF Materials at Around Room Temperature},
  journal = {International Journal of High Energy Physics},
  volume = {8},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-12},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijhep.20210801.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhep.20210801.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijhep.20210801.11},
  abstract = {Since the discovery of nuclear reactions in PdDx alloys at around room temperature in 1989, there have been accumulated very many experimental data sets showing existence of nuclear reactions in solid materials composed of transition metals and occluded hydrogen isotopes (let us call them the CF materials, for short) resulting in various nuclear products such as neutrons, tritium, transmuted nuclei, and others accompanied with large excess energies at relatively low temperatures up to 1000°C (let us call these whole events the cold fusion phenomenon (CFP), for short). As the cause of these nuclear reactions in the CFP, we have to accept the existence of the interactions between nuclei in the CF material through the nuclear force (let us call this interaction the nuclear-force interaction, for short) recognized its existence in the nucleus in the nuclear physics. We can classify the CF materials, i.e. materials where CFP occurs, into three groups: (1) metallic material including transition-metal hydrides (e.g. NiHx, AuHx) and deuterides (e.g. PdDx, TiDx), (2) carbonic material including hydrogen graphite (HCx) and XLPE (cross-linked polyethylene) and (3) biological material including microorganisms, microbial cultures and biological tissues or organs. We will explain the characteristics of the CFP observed in each group in this paper. The nuclear reactions in the CF material gives rise to production of new particles from neutron, triton, and new nuclei with proton numbers Z up to 83 accompanying enormous excess energy. In addition to these events, there occurs the stabilization of unstable nuclei, including the decay-time shortening of radioactive nuclei, which is especially interesting to apply it to treat hazardous nuclear waste produced by the nuclear power plant. Finally, we give an overview of the CFP in relation to the solid state-nuclear physics and the solid state-nuclear chemistry where the nuclear-force interaction may play important roles to explain the riddles found but not given appropriate explanations in these old sciences hitherto.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - The Cold Fusion Phenomenon – Nuclear Reactions in the CF Materials at Around Room Temperature
AU  - Hideo Kozima
Y1  - 2021/06/07
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhep.20210801.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijhep.20210801.11
T2  - International Journal of High Energy Physics
JF  - International Journal of High Energy Physics
JO  - International Journal of High Energy Physics
SP  - 1
EP  - 12
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2376-7448
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijhep.20210801.11
AB  - Since the discovery of nuclear reactions in PdDx alloys at around room temperature in 1989, there have been accumulated very many experimental data sets showing existence of nuclear reactions in solid materials composed of transition metals and occluded hydrogen isotopes (let us call them the CF materials, for short) resulting in various nuclear products such as neutrons, tritium, transmuted nuclei, and others accompanied with large excess energies at relatively low temperatures up to 1000°C (let us call these whole events the cold fusion phenomenon (CFP), for short). As the cause of these nuclear reactions in the CFP, we have to accept the existence of the interactions between nuclei in the CF material through the nuclear force (let us call this interaction the nuclear-force interaction, for short) recognized its existence in the nucleus in the nuclear physics. We can classify the CF materials, i.e. materials where CFP occurs, into three groups: (1) metallic material including transition-metal hydrides (e.g. NiHx, AuHx) and deuterides (e.g. PdDx, TiDx), (2) carbonic material including hydrogen graphite (HCx) and XLPE (cross-linked polyethylene) and (3) biological material including microorganisms, microbial cultures and biological tissues or organs. We will explain the characteristics of the CFP observed in each group in this paper. The nuclear reactions in the CF material gives rise to production of new particles from neutron, triton, and new nuclei with proton numbers Z up to 83 accompanying enormous excess energy. In addition to these events, there occurs the stabilization of unstable nuclei, including the decay-time shortening of radioactive nuclei, which is especially interesting to apply it to treat hazardous nuclear waste produced by the nuclear power plant. Finally, we give an overview of the CFP in relation to the solid state-nuclear physics and the solid state-nuclear chemistry where the nuclear-force interaction may play important roles to explain the riddles found but not given appropriate explanations in these old sciences hitherto.
VL  - 8
IS  - 1
ER  -

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