Toxicological Assessment of Groundwater Containing High Levels of Iron against Fresh Water Fish (Clarias Gariepinus)

Elijah Ige Ohimain; Tariwari Chidi Nathanson Angaye; Iniobong Reuben Inyang

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13

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Toxicological Assessment of Groundwater Containing High Levels of Iron against Fresh Water Fish (Clarias Gariepinus)

Elijah Ige Ohimain, Tariwari Chidi Nathanson Angaye, Iniobong Reuben Inyang

Published in American Journal of Environmental Protection (Volume 3, Issue 2)

Received: 4 March 2014 Accepted: 8 April 2014 Published: 10 April 2014

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Abstract

Water is very essential to aquatic ecosystem. Groundwater is the recommended water source for aquaculture systems. Unfortunately, groundwater from Bayelsa State is characterized by high level of iron and acidic pH; which has become a major challenge to catfish farming. In order to assess the suitability of the water for aquaculture purpose, untreated groundwater samples were collected from 7 domestic boreholes and analyzed for physicochemical parameters and total iron. Furthermore their toxicological values were assessed in a 96hour static non-renewal test. The iron level of the groundwater ranges from 5.119 - 11.131mg/l, with a corresponding pH in the range of 3.97-6.40. At 96hrs exposure, groundwater from BH4 induced 85% mortality for 20-day old fingerlings, 65% for 40 day-old fingerlings and 55% 60 day old fingerlings. The least amongst all toxicants screened (BH7) caused 35, 25 and 10% mortalities for 20, 40 and 60-day old fingerlings respectively. The positive control was lethal in less than 24 hours while the negative control was not lethal throughout the duration of the experiment. Based on the findings of this research it is recommended that groundwater of Bayelsa State should be properly treated prior to their use for aquaculture as well as constant monitoring of the physicochemical parameters of pond water.

Published in	American Journal of Environmental Protection (Volume 3, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13
Page(s)	59-63
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2014. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Iron, ClariasGariepinus, Toxicity, Groundwater, Suffocation, Acclimation, Fingerlings

References

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APA Style

Elijah Ige Ohimain, Tariwari Chidi Nathanson Angaye, Iniobong Reuben Inyang. (2014). Toxicological Assessment of Groundwater Containing High Levels of Iron against Fresh Water Fish (Clarias Gariepinus). American Journal of Environmental Protection, 3(2), 59-63. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13

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ACS Style

Elijah Ige Ohimain; Tariwari Chidi Nathanson Angaye; Iniobong Reuben Inyang. Toxicological Assessment of Groundwater Containing High Levels of Iron against Fresh Water Fish (Clarias Gariepinus). Am. J. Environ. Prot. 2014, 3(2), 59-63. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13

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AMA Style

Elijah Ige Ohimain, Tariwari Chidi Nathanson Angaye, Iniobong Reuben Inyang. Toxicological Assessment of Groundwater Containing High Levels of Iron against Fresh Water Fish (Clarias Gariepinus). Am J Environ Prot. 2014;3(2):59-63. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13,
  author = {Elijah Ige Ohimain and Tariwari Chidi Nathanson Angaye and Iniobong Reuben Inyang},
  title = {Toxicological Assessment of Groundwater Containing High Levels of Iron against Fresh Water Fish (Clarias Gariepinus)},
  journal = {American Journal of Environmental Protection},
  volume = {3},
  number = {2},
  pages = {59-63},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajep.20140302.13},
  abstract = {Water is very essential to aquatic ecosystem. Groundwater is the recommended water source for aquaculture systems. Unfortunately, groundwater from Bayelsa State is characterized by high level of iron and acidic pH; which has become a major challenge to catfish farming. In order to assess the suitability of the water for aquaculture purpose, untreated groundwater samples were collected from 7 domestic boreholes and analyzed for physicochemical parameters and total iron. Furthermore their toxicological values were assessed in a 96hour static non-renewal test. The iron level of the groundwater ranges from 5.119 - 11.131mg/l, with a corresponding pH in the range of 3.97-6.40. At 96hrs exposure, groundwater from BH4 induced 85% mortality for 20-day old fingerlings, 65% for 40 day-old fingerlings and 55% 60 day old fingerlings. The least amongst all toxicants screened (BH7) caused 35, 25 and 10% mortalities for 20, 40 and 60-day old fingerlings respectively. The positive control was lethal in less than 24 hours while the negative control was not lethal throughout the duration of the experiment. Based on the findings of this research it is recommended that groundwater of Bayelsa State should be properly treated prior to their use for aquaculture as well as constant monitoring of the physicochemical parameters of pond water.},
 year = {2014}
}

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TY - JOUR
T1 - Toxicological Assessment of Groundwater Containing High Levels of Iron against Fresh Water Fish (Clarias Gariepinus)
AU - Elijah Ige Ohimain
AU - Tariwari Chidi Nathanson Angaye
AU - Iniobong Reuben Inyang
Y1 - 2014/04/10
PY - 2014
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13
DO - 10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13
T2 - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JF - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JO - American Journal of Environmental Protection
SP - 59
EP - 63
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2328-5699
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13
AB - Water is very essential to aquatic ecosystem. Groundwater is the recommended water source for aquaculture systems. Unfortunately, groundwater from Bayelsa State is characterized by high level of iron and acidic pH; which has become a major challenge to catfish farming. In order to assess the suitability of the water for aquaculture purpose, untreated groundwater samples were collected from 7 domestic boreholes and analyzed for physicochemical parameters and total iron. Furthermore their toxicological values were assessed in a 96hour static non-renewal test. The iron level of the groundwater ranges from 5.119 - 11.131mg/l, with a corresponding pH in the range of 3.97-6.40. At 96hrs exposure, groundwater from BH4 induced 85% mortality for 20-day old fingerlings, 65% for 40 day-old fingerlings and 55% 60 day old fingerlings. The least amongst all toxicants screened (BH7) caused 35, 25 and 10% mortalities for 20, 40 and 60-day old fingerlings respectively. The positive control was lethal in less than 24 hours while the negative control was not lethal throughout the duration of the experiment. Based on the findings of this research it is recommended that groundwater of Bayelsa State should be properly treated prior to their use for aquaculture as well as constant monitoring of the physicochemical parameters of pond water.
VL - 3
IS - 2
ER -

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Author Information

Elijah Ige Ohimain

Toxicology Research Group, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
Tariwari Chidi Nathanson Angaye

Toxicology Research Group, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
Iniobong Reuben Inyang

Toxicology Research Group, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

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Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Elijah Ige Ohimain, Tariwari Chidi Nathanson Angaye, Iniobong Reuben Inyang. (2014). Toxicological Assessment of Groundwater Containing High Levels of Iron against Fresh Water Fish (Clarias Gariepinus). American Journal of Environmental Protection, 3(2), 59-63. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13

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ACS Style

Elijah Ige Ohimain; Tariwari Chidi Nathanson Angaye; Iniobong Reuben Inyang. Toxicological Assessment of Groundwater Containing High Levels of Iron against Fresh Water Fish (Clarias Gariepinus). Am. J. Environ. Prot. 2014, 3(2), 59-63. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13

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AMA Style

Elijah Ige Ohimain, Tariwari Chidi Nathanson Angaye, Iniobong Reuben Inyang. Toxicological Assessment of Groundwater Containing High Levels of Iron against Fresh Water Fish (Clarias Gariepinus). Am J Environ Prot. 2014;3(2):59-63. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13,
  author = {Elijah Ige Ohimain and Tariwari Chidi Nathanson Angaye and Iniobong Reuben Inyang},
  title = {Toxicological Assessment of Groundwater Containing High Levels of Iron against Fresh Water Fish (Clarias Gariepinus)},
  journal = {American Journal of Environmental Protection},
  volume = {3},
  number = {2},
  pages = {59-63},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajep.20140302.13},
  abstract = {Water is very essential to aquatic ecosystem. Groundwater is the recommended water source for aquaculture systems. Unfortunately, groundwater from Bayelsa State is characterized by high level of iron and acidic pH; which has become a major challenge to catfish farming. In order to assess the suitability of the water for aquaculture purpose, untreated groundwater samples were collected from 7 domestic boreholes and analyzed for physicochemical parameters and total iron. Furthermore their toxicological values were assessed in a 96hour static non-renewal test. The iron level of the groundwater ranges from 5.119 - 11.131mg/l, with a corresponding pH in the range of 3.97-6.40. At 96hrs exposure, groundwater from BH4 induced 85% mortality for 20-day old fingerlings, 65% for 40 day-old fingerlings and 55% 60 day old fingerlings. The least amongst all toxicants screened (BH7) caused 35, 25 and 10% mortalities for 20, 40 and 60-day old fingerlings respectively. The positive control was lethal in less than 24 hours while the negative control was not lethal throughout the duration of the experiment. Based on the findings of this research it is recommended that groundwater of Bayelsa State should be properly treated prior to their use for aquaculture as well as constant monitoring of the physicochemical parameters of pond water.},
 year = {2014}
}

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